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Sunday, January 26, 2020

History of Democracy and Human Rights

History of Democracy and Human Rights This essay is going to be about some of the philosophers whose thoughts about democracy and human rights affected the declaration of human rights, and also about the deceleration itself. The first evidence of Human rights were given by Cyrus the great around 539 BC. After conquering Babylon he had the Cyrus cylinder created stating that he overthrew the old king and that he had greatly improved the lives of Babylonians. This is considered to be one of the first human rights charters as it is said that Cyrus freed slaves and said that every one should have freedom of religion. Whether it was put into action scholars disagree about, some say it is propaganda to win the hearts of his newly conquered city. Nonetheless he was the first leader to have those ideas. Democracy means people rule in Greek and ancient Greece is considered to be the home of democracy. But only a few select were allowed to vote. Is that really people rule? Plato was sceptic to people rule and thought that people were not to be trusted with power as they are easily swayed by strong leaders. In Platos masterpiece The Republic he suggests many different types of government and today it would not be a good manual for a good government as Plato strived for an utopian society. The governments suggested in The Republic do not resemble modern republics and constitutional monarchies. But some dictatorships can resemble Platos Utopia. Plato however suggested that women and men should have equal rights which is very relevant to human rights. Aristotle, unlike Plato, was not concerned with creating a perfect society. He wanted to improve the existing one. However he was, like Plato also sceptical towards democracy or mob rule. In Aristotles ideal state an Enlightened king would rule alongside the help of an Educated Aristocracy and a Popular Assembly that respected the rule of law. This idea resembles the current U.S. Model. Aristotle however believed that it was the womans role to obey as it was for the mans to command. Other philosophers are John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, we can clearly see similarities between their ideas, and how our modern society is formed. Thomas Hobbes believed that: Each man must be contented with so much liberty against other men as he would allow other men against himself , that is similar to the golden rule: Treat others as you wish to be treated yourself. Hobbes lived in the time when the English civil war took place, he believed that humans are greedy and evil. John Locke on the other hand, believed that people are good and tolerant. He said that: People are free to do whatever they want as long as they do not damage someone elses: life, health, liberty or possessions. He also believed that : Everyone must agree to hand over power to one central authority whose job it is to impose the law and severely punish law-breakers. John Locke had a more optimistic view on mankind whilst Thomas Hobbes had a more negative view on man. Hobbes would compare man to beasts except for one difference, man was always competing for honour and dignity: Are continually in competition for honour and dignity (Leviathan, XVII, p.111) These philosophers may not have directly affected the democracy we have today, but with their ideas they are sure to have influenced many other thinkers in helping to create the government we have today. It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried. Winston Churchill. The universal declaration of human rights was born on December 10, 1958 and is not a legally binding document. It was not made legally binding because if it was then no countries would have adopted it. As it is today the countries that want to make it legal can only do so by incorporating it into the constitution. Article one and two can be seen as the foundation blocks of the human rights. They are negative rights because they restrict people from discrimination. The articles state that: everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this declaration. The main point of the two articles is that everyone are equal and free without any form of discrimination. The ideas about equality between men and women can be found in Platos ideas about equality women should be treated equally with men Articles 3, 4 and 5 state that everybody should be secure and free and that nobody should be denied their security and freedom. The problem with these articles is that they are very vague and can be interpreted differently by each country. A topic that is widely discussed is abortion, the declaration of human rights clearly state that everyone has the right to live. But when does that right take action? When the child is conceived or when the child is born? Article 26 discusses the issue of education. It goes back to the foundation blocks saying that everyone has the equal right to education no matter what sex, race or nationality. It also says that the guardians have the authority to the education for their child, until they come of legal age. The right to education can be seen in Jeremy Benthams ideas, he called for right to education for all Article 17 talks about the right to own property and not to be deprived of it without any concrete evidence. This right could be based on John Lockes idea about property and profit: private ownership of property and profit meaning that no government or state has the right to claim your property and profit. Article 21 consists of positive rights that give you the right to affect the choice of government. It gives you the right to vote no matter sex or race and to do so anonymously and free of cost. Jeremy Bentham believed in voting rights for working men and women. Thomas Hobbes and the natural law tradition by norberto bobbio 1993 i think and translated by Daniela Gobetti

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Thorn Queen Chapter Ten

I set out to Dorian with a sense of foreboding, made worse by the fact that I wore a skirt with a slit all the way up to my hip. Both Shaya and Nia had wanted me to go see him in a dress, arguing it befitted my station and would endear me to Dorian. I'd argued that I wouldn't be able to ride in a dress, and this slit thing had been their solution. And like always, I had a handful of guards in tow. Their constant presence still continued to make me feel like a child. In this case, a kind of slutty child. In keeping with the Otherworld's bizarre geography, we passed through another village. My visit was brief, just long enough to see how they were doing. Their situation wasn't too different from Westoria's, though they had a woman who was pretty adept at finding water sources. Her technique, the way she wove magic, was more skilled than mine, though she didn't possess my strength. After observing her, I mimicked what she did and managed to find a spot ripe for well-digging. The dress kept me from getting out there and shoveling along with them, but it didn't matter. I left regarded as a savior yet again. Reaching Dorian's took less time than it had taken to get to Maiwenn's. Unlike that journey, much of our trip today passed primarily through my own land, with no respite in one of the more temperate kingdoms. The heat beat down on us, and I sweated profusely into the violet silk of my dress. I would have given anything for a breeze, anything to stir that stagnant air. My own Tucson was often windy; I didn't get why the Otherworldly version wasn't. My father had been able to control all things connected with storms: water, air, charged particles, temperature, et cetera. So far, I only had a hold of water, but every once in a while I could feel the air with the same senses that could touch and control water. Reaching out now, I had that same experience: I could sense the air. It hummed to me. It called. But when I called back, nothing happened. Over and over I tried, attempting the same technique I used with water, urging it to bend and stir and cool me off. Nothing. I finally gave up when Dorian's castle came into sight. It was stone like mine and somehow managed to be both imposing and graceful. Where once I had been greeted with hostility and suspicion, I was now welcomed with respect and a fair amount of groveling. And, yeah, some wariness too. My guards were led away, and Dorian's servants fell all over me, offering me any refreshment I wanted. I declined. I simply wanted to get these negotiations done with. A servant led me to an opulently decorated chamber and announced me, titles and all. Dorian sat there, casual in a long-sleeved, cream-colored shirt, leaning over a chess board. An old man with a beard that went all the way to the floor sat opposite him. Dorian's green-gold eyes lifted at my name, and he broke out into a dazzling smile. Honestly. The man was too good-looking sometimes, and he knew it. A moment later, Dorian turned a disapproving glance toward his chess partner. â€Å"By the gods, Kasper. Have you no manners at all? The Thorn Queen is here. Show some respect before I have you flogged.† I started to protest as the old man rose. The hunched-over posture he'd held in the chair appeared to be permanent, and it took him forever to actually get up. He managed something that passed for a bow-really, it was hard to tell the difference between that and his normal stance-and gave me a grave â€Å"Your majesty.† And as the old man's back was to the board, Dorian leaned over and moved some of the pieces around. I opened my mouth, more in shock than to make any sort of protest. Dorian raised one finger to his lips in a shushing motion. I swallowed my comments and smiled at Kasper. â€Å"Thank you. Please sit down again.† â€Å"And you, my dear,† said Dorian. â€Å"Come join us.† The servant who'd led me in hastily pulled a velvet-cushioned chair over to the chess table. I thanked him and sat down, crossing my legs out of habit. When I saw half the skirt spill over and reveal nearly the whole length of my leg, I hastily uncrossed them. Dorian saw the leg, of course. He always saw everything. Kasper's eyes, underneath his bushy gray brows, were fixed on the board. He made a play, capturing one of Dorian's pieces. Dorian frowned briefly, then put his smile back on as he turned to me. â€Å"You are radiant as always,† he said. â€Å"That dress is particularly lovely. Kasper, look at her. Do you see the way that shade matches her eyes?† Kasper looked like he wanted to study the board, but he turned to me obediently and gave a quick bob of the head. â€Å"Yes, your majesty. Most becoming.† Dorian quickly swapped a few more pieces and then put on a look of deep pondering when Kasper turned back around. With a sigh, Dorian moved his bishop. â€Å"Not my greatest play, but it'll have to do.† He seized one of Kasper's pieces. The move clearly took Kasper by surprise, not all that astonishing considering the pieces weren't where they'd been the last time he looked. He studied the board for almost a minute and then moved a knight, though it didn't yield a capture. â€Å"Eugenie, you look as though you've been stranded in a desert,† mused Dorian. â€Å"But then, I suppose that's the case, isn't it? Such a shame, all those towns suffering and starving, towns like Songwood.† The old man looked up sharply, eyes wide as he stared at me. â€Å"Songwood?† â€Å"Songwood?† I asked in equal confusion. Dorian covertly moved more pieces. â€Å"I was born in Songwood,† said Kasper. â€Å"People are starving there?† â€Å"Oh, wait,† said Dorian. â€Å"Songwood's in the Willow Land, isn't it? Sorry for the scare. I was thinking it had been part of Aeson's kingdom. I'm sure Songwood's perfectly fine.† He studied the board for a moment and then deftly moved his queen. â€Å"Checkmate.† Kasper gaped. â€Å"That's not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His eyes roved over the board, no doubt looking for any possible way to counter Dorian's move. â€Å"You can't fight against the queen,† said Dorian glibly. â€Å"Once she's decided to take the king, you might as well give in and enjoy it.† I rolled my eyes. Kasper sighed. â€Å"Excellent game, your majesty.† Dorian gave him a comforting pat as the old man stood up. â€Å"Don't take it so hard. You played pretty decently yourself. Sloppy here and there, but who knows? There's always next time.† Kasper gave another wizened bow and then left us alone. I gave Dorian a censuring look. â€Å"You're a bad man. You should be ashamed of yourself.† â€Å"Hardly,† he said. â€Å"That man's the grand chess champion of seven kingdoms. A little humbling will do him good. And speaking of humbling, shall we get on to our business?† He stood up and extended a hand to me. I didn't take it and simply followed as he walked over to the far side of the room. He sank down onto an ivory satin couch while I chose a velvet loveseat the same color as my dress. I felt adrift in a sea of purple. Dorian produced a stack of parchment from a nearby table. â€Å"There you are. Just sign, and we can get this out of the way.† I flipped through the papers, astonished. I didn't understand most of it. It detailed amounts and shipments of assorted goods, listed interest rates, and laid out some sort of schedule. I gave Dorian an incredulous look. â€Å"What happened to negotiating?† He poured two glasses of white wine from a carafe that sat on the table to his other side. â€Å"Oh, come now. You don't want to actually do that. I don't want to do that. So why waste our time? I assure you, the terms are very, very generous. Probably more generous than you deserve, considering the way you toy with my affections. Your people will be getting a lot of goods on faith for copper that has yet to materialize.† â€Å"Then why did you make me come here?† â€Å"Do you have to ask?† â€Å"No,† I grumbled, signing my name with a quill. A quill. Honestly. â€Å"You're a bad man.† â€Å"I try. Wine?† He gestured to the glass he'd poured for me. I shook my head. â€Å"Wouldn't want you to run out. So, I guess me sitting here is part of the price I pay for my kingdom's food. What do you want to do now?† His eyes held mine over the top of his wineglass. â€Å"I could make up a list of things to do longer than that contract.† Yeah. I'd set myself up for that one. â€Å"Okay, then. What would you like to talk about?† â€Å"You,† he said. â€Å"And why you never come see me.† â€Å"You know why. Because you used me and stuck me with that kingdom.† â€Å"You sure do hold a grudge. Is that a human trait?† â€Å"It's a Eugenie trait.† He smiled. â€Å"Of course. You know, Rurik tried to rape you, yet now you welcome him with open arms.† â€Å"That's not exactly how I'd put it.† â€Å"You know what I mean. How can you forgive him and not me?† I looked down at my lap and played with the dress's fabric. I didn't have a good answer for that. Rurik had really been a total asshole when we'd met, yet now I took him as a normal fixture around my household. Why did I hold such animosity for Dorian? Because things hadn't started as hostile between us, I realized. Sure, I hadn't trusted him initially, but he'd never done me any true harm. I had grown to like him-care about him, even-which made what he'd done hurt that much more. Dorian was the one who'd guided me through claiming the Thorn Land after we'd killed Aeson in a pretty horrific battle. I'd simply followed Dorian's direction, having no clue what I was doing until it was too late. Once I realized what I'd been stuck with, I'd felt like every interaction with Dorian had been one big setup. It had seemed like his endgame the whole time had been to oust Aeson and give me that land so that Dorian could eventually control it. That was why I resented him. Are you sure that's it? a sneaky voice inside me wanted to know. No, there might be more. Even I could admit that to myself. The truth was I'd developed physical and emotional attachments to Dorian, and I didn't want them. I didn't want to be bound to someone like him, someone who was full-blooded gentry-and had the annoying tendency to make me lose control. Slamming up walls of animosity between us was a way to protect myself. â€Å"What are you thinking?† Dorian asked, sparing me from his other question. â€Å"I was wondering if I just blindly signed my name to sexual favors in that contract.† â€Å"Damn,† he said. â€Å"I wish I'd considered that.† From the tone of his voice, I think he meant it. â€Å"Oh, well. Perhaps next time since I'm sure this will be the first of many dealings between our kingdoms.† â€Å"I hope not.† For a moment, he almost looked hurt. â€Å"Is it that painful coming here?† I felt bad. â€Å"No, I'm sorry. I didn't mean it like that. I mean†¦I hope I don't need any more help. I hope things will just work themselves out in the Thorn Land.† His easy smile returned as he finished off his wine. He reached for my untouched glass. â€Å"Well, according to rumor, things are on the mend, thanks to the omnibenevolent Thorn Queen. Why, I heard the other day that you were out digging ditches and feeding orphans. It's a wonder you have the time for that, what with your hypocritical job of battling your own subjects in the human world.† â€Å"My subjects don't cross into the human world,† I said loftily. Of course, the irony was that might not be true, not if the evidence surrounding those girls was any indication. â€Å"And I never did any of that other stuff. I just found water.† He tsked, eyes sparkling with delight. â€Å"Yes, which is a hundred times more than most monarchs do. You're out with your people, maybe not working beside them exactly, but it's close enough. They think you're some kind of messiah. I guess that sets a good precedent for your son, hmm?† I made a face. â€Å"Don't even go down that road. And anyway, I'm not trying to be a messiah. I'm just trying to help.† â€Å"Good gods,† he said, downing the glass in one gulp. â€Å"The frightening thing is that you're actually serious. Were you helping them before you arrived here today?† â€Å"Er, well, a little. We stopped in a village and helped find some water.† â€Å"I can tell. When you use your magic, it wreaths you like some sort of afterglow. It's very†¦becoming.† Something about the way he spoke and looked at me made me want to cross my arms and legs protectively-until I remembered crossing my legs wouldn't do me any favors. Fucking dress. â€Å"I daresay your control of water is becoming very useful,† he added. â€Å"Too bad you didn't continue your lessons with it.† â€Å"I don't need your help anymore. I've practiced on my own-I've gotten a lot stronger.† â€Å"Hmm. I see. And what about the rest of your inherited powers? Have you been practicing with, say, air?† For half a second, I thought he'd been spying on me. No, that wasn't his style. He'd guessed I would attempt air magic because†¦well, he knew me. And because he was Dorian and canny about such things. â€Å"As a matter of fact, I have,† I said loftily. There. Take that. His lips twitched. â€Å"I see. And have you been successful?† I wasn't fast enough with my answer. He laughed and moved to sit beside me. I tried to scoot over, but there wasn't much room. â€Å"Eugenie, Eugenie. When are you going to stop fighting this-stop fighting me? You're only going to create more trouble down the road if you don't learn to fully harness your abilities.† â€Å"Right,† I said, trying not to notice the apple and cinnamon scent that always surrounded him. Why couldn't I shake this attraction when I found him so annoying half the time? â€Å"It's for my benefit, right? Not because of your desire to rule the Otherworld and see the prophecy fulfilled?† â€Å"Of course it's for those reasons,† he scoffed. One thing you had to love about Dorian was his unflinching honesty. â€Å"But that doesn't mean you can't benefit too. You don't think it'd be useful to control air? You don't think that would aid you in helping those poor suffering souls under your control?† â€Å"Damn it. Don't involve them.† â€Å"They're already involved. Learn to control storms, and there'll never be a drought again.† His voice was low, filled with promise and temptation. I thought about the things I'd seen, the fields gone barren and hungry faces. I shook my head. â€Å"I'm not going to let you teach me again.† â€Å"What if I got you another teacher?† â€Å"What?† I shifted so that we could look at each other eye to eye. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"Exactly what I sound like. As hard as it is to believe, I'm not the only one who knows how to use magic around here. True, I'm the most stunningly attractive and dazzlingly intelligent, but if you're dead set against my help, there are others whom you could benefit from.† I turned away and stared off across the room. The water finder I'd worked with today had certainly been useful. She was actually the first gentry I'd met who had any sort of magic compatible enough to mine to teach me anything. Dorian's magic was actually completely different from my own, but he was skilled enough to still transfer the basic principles. But what if I had someone else to tutor me? Someone more in sync with my powers-who wasn't always trying to get me into bed? No. Self-chastisement instantly arose. Magic was dangerous. It made you crave more of it, and the more I used, the more I embraced my gentry side and lost some of my humanity. Kiyo had advised against it over and over, and I didn't even want to think about what Roland would say. And yet†¦ â€Å"You've actually got someone in mind?† I asked, turning back to Dorian. He nodded. â€Å"She's not an exact fit for your powers-honestly, no one is-but she's close and is an excellent instructor.† She. That was promising. No one who'd want to father a child on me. He seized on my hesitation. â€Å"Eugenie, why resist this? It's obvious you want to learn more, no matter how haughty you pretend to be about dirtying your hands in the affairs of the shining ones. Stop your pandering and accept this as a gift.† â€Å"What do I have to do in return for this gift?† I asked warily. â€Å"Nothing except learn. If you take my tutor back with you to the Thorn Land, I just want you to promise me you'll give her a fair chance.† â€Å"That's it?† â€Å"Yes. You already know all my other motivations for doing this, so there's no trick there. The rest is on you.† True. He had been up-front about his larger designs on me and his megalomania. â€Å"Okay†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Kiyo was going to freak out. â€Å"I'll give her a chance.† â€Å"You promise?† â€Å"I promise.† Somehow, every time I agreed to something with Dorian, I always felt like I was signing my soul away. â€Å"Excellent,† he said. â€Å"We'll make an all-powerful queen out of you yet.† He reached his hand over and smoothed out where some of my dress's fabric had wrinkled up near the slit. His motion actually covered up more of my leg with the skirt, though it did involve his fingers brushing against my skin. For a brief, dangerous instant, I kind of wished he'd move his fingers underneath the dress. Instead, he simply left his hand on my thigh. â€Å"Dorian,† I said warningly. â€Å"Hmm?† I looked pointedly down. He followed my gaze. â€Å"Oh, look at that. It seemed so natural, I hardly noticed,† he said cheerfully, removing the guilty hand. I almost felt†¦disappointed. â€Å"Let me fetch your new teacher since I'm guessing you won't be lured into staying for dinner.† â€Å"You guessed right. You really are dazzlingly intelligent,† I said wryly. He stood up and flashed me a grin. â€Å"And stunningly attractive?† â€Å"Just go get her.† He left the room, and I watched the way his long, lean build moved and how the sunlight streaming through a window turned his hair every shade of red, orange, and gold. Dorian was trouble. Yes, I suspected I really had made a deal with the devil. Particularly when I saw who his instructor was. â€Å"Her?† I exclaimed. I shot up from my chair. Dorian had just entered the room, and standing beside him was Ysabel-the Eugenie-clone strumpet from the party. Her blue eyes widened when she saw me. Apparently I wasn't the only one who had been caught by surprise. â€Å"What is this?† she demanded. â€Å"You said you wanted me to instruct someone.† â€Å"I do,† he said calmly. â€Å"You're going to pack your things and return with the Thorn Queen. You will teach her to use her magic to the best of her ability.† â€Å"No,† she said icily. â€Å"I will not.† His pleasant demeanor dropped. â€Å"Yes, you will. This isn't a request. You're my subject, ergo you follow my commands. And I am commanding you to go with her. Unless you're openly defying me?† I couldn't help a shiver. I'd occasionally seen this hard side of Dorian, and it always unnerved me. It was such an abrupt change from his usual laconic self, the self who bantered and tried to feel me up†¦and I found the change kind of terrifying. â€Å"Dorian,† I said uneasily. â€Å"Don't make her do anything she doesn't want to do.† She glared at me. â€Å"I don't need your assistance here.† â€Å"What she wants is irrelevant,† said Dorian. I was a bit surprised at how casually he was able to order her about and objectify her. I'd assumed whomever he was sleeping with at any given time would be someone he had feelings for. Who knew? Maybe he cared about her a lot but was still able to treat her as a subject. Or maybe he just cared about me more. â€Å"Yeah, well, I don't want her,† I retorted. â€Å"Also irrelevant,† he replied, eyes still fixed on Ysabel. â€Å"You made a promise to give your teacher a fair chance-unless you're going to be human and go back on your word?† â€Å"This isn't quite what I expected!† â€Å"It doesn't matter. You're either going to keep your promise or you won't. And you,† he said to Ysabel, â€Å"are either going to obey or not.† Ysabel's eyes were ablaze with rage, and her breathing was heavy. I had the feeling she wanted to burst forth with a million expletives, but she bit her lip as though physically forcing them back. At last, she swallowed and took a deep breath. When she spoke, her words were to Dorian, but her gaze was on me. I hadn't seen malevolence like that in quite some time-no, wait. That wasn't entirely true. Her look was a lot like the one Volusian often gave me. â€Å"Of course, I will obey, your majesty. With great pleasure.†

Friday, January 10, 2020

The Essay Examples Free Cover Up

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Thursday, January 2, 2020

Cyberbullying And Its Effects - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2803 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Bullying Essay Cyber Bullying Essay Did you like this example? Cyber bullying is, in the simplest terms possible, communication of a harmful and repeated nature by an individual against another made possible through web-based avenues (Fousiani, Dimitropoulou, Michaelides, Van Petegem, 2016). Research on the phenomenon indicates that as a social problem, cyberbullying follows the same demographic pathways as traditional bullying. In other words, it manifests primarily as discrimination along the lines of race, gender, physical attributes like weight, and other elements that constitute—in the eyes of the majority—a sense of social or cultural otherness (Fousiani et a., 2016). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cyberbullying And Its Effects" essay for you Create order In that respect, the demographics that are susceptible to traditional bullying constitute the at-risk population for cyber bullying. With the post-millennial generations being termed as digital natives, cyber bullying as a problem has, in the recent years, manifest in very young demographics—including children in elementary school—because of their conversance with digital appliances and the internet. To that effect, cyber bullying is a problem across a very broad generational spectrum; the entire world demographic aged 40 and below qualifies as a high-risk demographic for the problem. Even so, statistics in the United States, and the state of California to be specific, indicate that younger populations in school, that is, college students and younger, comprise the cohort most bedevilled by this issue. According to a 2015 survey of California by kidsdata.org, one in every five students in grades 7 upwards as well as those in non-traditional programs have been cyber bullied (Student bullying, 2018). It is estimated that around 30% of school-going youth in the United States are bullied in general and around 20% of them are cyber-bullied (Student bullying, 2018). Cyber bullying is reported to be higher in girls than boys across all the socio-cultural/economic demarcations, that is, race/ethnicity/national origin, religion, and sexual orientation. Children from the LGBTQ community as well as those with disabilities stand a much higher risk of being bullies on various web-based platforms according to kidsdata.org (Student bullying, 2018). Cyber bullying, as is the case with bullying, is a serious national and global problem. In the United States, there is overwhelming evidence connecting cyber bullying directly to depression and anxiety disorders, low academic achievement, substance abuse in adulthood, physical-psychological health issues like bulimia, and even suicide (Student bullying, 2018; Laer, 2014). Studies indicate that youth who bully others on social media stand a higher risk of (or are already) battling depression and are likely to commit suicide or engage in delinquent behavior (Student bullying, 2018). It comes as no surprise, therefore, that over the past ten years during which social media has grown to dictate the 21st century socio-cultural landscape, cyber-bullying and the problems has risen (Bannink, Broeren, van deLooij, de Wart, Raat, 2014). Overall, the facts and statistics above reveal that cyber bullying is a national problem and that the state of California needs to take more action and refine its policy framework with specific regard to the issue. Analysis of Policy Approaches, Legislation, and Research Cyber bullying, though currently being address, it is need of greater attention and policy focus. Attention paid to bullying policy across the United States in general California to be specific reveals a robust legal framework to combat the issue. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) enacted in 2015 address bullying under the overarching mandate of the No Child Left Behind policy (Every Student Succeeds Act, 2018). In California, as is the case with most states, there is no antiharassment law specific to cyber-bullying. Even so, the California Education Codes 200 to 234, codes 32260 to 32283, and codes 48900 to 48900.9 all address the issue of bullying and, in that regard, prompt schools to cover cyber bullying accordingly (California anti-bullying, 2018). Policy Approaches Employed to Combat the Issue As indicate above, there are currently no specific laws targeting cyber bullying. However, there are several safeguards who umbrella functions cover the issue as explained below: School-based bullying frameworks. All schools that receive federal funding are bound by state law to address and report discrimination on all matters on bullying (California anti-bullying, 2018). The success rate of these school-based interventions, as is the case will all other umbrella policies, cannot be accurately indexed. There is evidence to suggest that there is need for a more precise cyber bullying-specific framework of policy actions to adequately target the matter. For instance, race-based bullying and cyber bullying was reported to be twice as high in African American children. In the same vein, roughly 50% of all students in the LGBTQ community reported bullying on the basis of their sexual orientation (Student bullying, 2018). Even though it is not possible to quote statistic on the exact extent to which school-based interventions in California are underperforming, it is evident from the above fact that they are not working up to par. Critical protections under the ESCA. Under the Every Student Succeeds Act, the state of California has established federally standardized critical protections for disadvantaged and high-needs students in the United States (Every Student Succeeds Act, 2018). The statute does not actively bar cyber bullying but it minimize the bases upon which the act can be perpetrated, hence limiting the susceptibility of students in high-risk populations. The provisions of the ESSA for bullying protection are, as in the case above, quite narrow and limited to the realm of education. By and large, it is justified to argue that the ESSA actively protects children against cyber bullying only in the context of school and when the problem manifests around matters of learning such as educational performance. Holfeld and Grabe (2012) posit that since students are offline during most of the time they spent at school, it is much harder for policymakers to institute cyber bullying laws within a school framewo rk. In light of these fact, it is justified to say that the ESSA is also doing far less than what is needed to effectively combat cyber bullying. Evidence and place-based interventions. The state of California, in line with the ESSA, is currently establishing evidence-based and place-based interventions in conjunction with leaders in local social policy and education. It is these steps that have incubated and birthed ideas like Promise Neighborhoods which function to improve the social wellbeing of demographics protected under the ESSA. Notably, improving environments undermines the potency of social spaces as anchors for cyber bullies (Every Student Succeeds Act, 2018). Evidence-based interventions generally have a community focus. In that respect, they are focussed on re-constructing the socio-economic environment from which victims originate. In so doing, they fortify the children against the functionality of their backgrounds as a basis upon which they may be bullied. However, it takes little effort to see that the cradle-to-career solutions, grants, and increasing the capacity of eligible entities (such as Indian tribes) does not directly target cyber bullying in particular or even bullying in general (Every Student Succeeds Act, 2018). An analysis of the three intervention examined casts in strong light the fact that California and the United States in general lacks robust policy for bullying, let alone cyber bullying. Admittedly, there is a very impressive network of policies and policy action against social discrimination in schools. It holds right to posit that schools have been approached as the principle social institutions and anti-discriminatory policy developed around them. The establishment of laws against discrimination in schools very generally addresses the subject of bullying and, by association, the issue of cyber bullying (California anti-bullying, 2018). Understandably, the total absence of a focussed and comprehensive anti-cyber bullying law continues to show in the failure of the existing safeguards, since the numbers of children who are suffering under the problem continue to ran high. It is important to point out in concluding this sub section that there are no designated institutions against cyber bullying in California. The California Department of Education is charged with carrying out these functions and, on its webpage, has a provision â€Å"Bullying and Hate-Motivated Behavior Prevention† (California anti-bullying, 2018). This fact further underscores the absence of a designated institution, justifying existing views by researchers such as Barlett Coyne (2014) who state that the exact nature of cyber bullying as a problem is not understood, leaving to the underestimation of the problem. As existing social institutions like the police and school departments continue to handle a problem for which they are not accurately configured, emerging issues in cyber bullying are prompting further research leading to more unrest in the realm of policymaking. Hence, it is necessary to examine the new policies on bullying in California and the United States in gene ral to see their impact on bullying. Recent Legislation to Against Cyber Bullying in California The latest development in California’s anti-bullying legislation framework is Seth’s Law. Enacted in 2012, the policy is not a stand-alone law but is, instead, a legislative framework to strengthen existing anti-bullying codes. It is named after Seth Walsh, a gay student from Tehachapi, California who, having endured anti-gay bullying since the 6th grade, finally took his life at the age of 13 in 2010 (New tools, 2018). Various news sources indicate that a significant proportion of the bullying that Seth endured came from online platforms. Correspondingly, the primary demographic of focus for the formulation of Seth Law comprises students from the LGBTQ community (New tools, 2018). Nonetheless, individuals who are at risk of bullying due to their race or disability are well covered under Seth’s Law. The law, as stated under the Education Code Section 234.b1(b)(1), states that â€Å"â€Å"If school personnel witness an act of discrimination, harassment, intimidation, or bullying, he or she shall take immediate steps to intervene when safe to do so† (New tools, n.d.). The policy requires school districts to do the following: Assume a very firm position on anti-bullying, with a policy that categorically indicates the prohibited bases for harassment with specific emphasis on sexual orientation and gender expression/identity. Devise a means through which complaints on bullying will be received and processed; it is decreed that school personnel intervene the instant they witness bullying. Further information on this statute is to be found in the Education Code Section 234.1(b) (f). Publicize the anti-bullying policy and complaint process, including posting the policy in all schools and offices. This article is further explained in the Education Code Section 234.1(c) (d). Publicize the policy devised on bullying and specifically post it in all relevant offices in all schools across the district—more details are to be found in the Education Code Section 234.5. Post materials to guide bullying victims on the school district website (New tools, n.d.). It is important to first point out that the law is very much justified in the wake of all the discrepancies that anti-bullying policies in California have displayed over the past decades. By effectively sealing some of the holes on school district code on bullying, Seth’s Law is evidently tightening the grip of the law around bullying in schools. Ironically, it is in this focus of the law that its inherent weaknesses lie; Seth’s Law does not do anything new and, worse still, fails to address cyber-bullying as a unique and grossly under-addressed domain of harassment both in and out of schools. Having ascertained the limits of Seth’s Law—and keeping in mind that it is not entirely a new policy but a reparation framework for the shortcomings of extant anti-bullying codes—it is completely justified to posit that the demerits of the statute are virtually the same as those outlined in the earlier parts of this paper. To reiterate these facts, the policy fails to directly and concisely address cyber-bullying. Worse still, it does little, if nothing at all, to examine the element of cyber-bullying outside the province of the school administration (New tools, 2018). With scholars such as Cassidy, Brown, and Jackson (2012) indicating parents’ concerns for cyber-bullying outside of school, it is completely justified to argue that Seth’s Law will have a negligible impact in curbing the harassment of children online. If the statistics from the 2014-2015 kidsdata survey are anything to go by, the policy is failing to address the matter and will probab ly continue to do so (Student bullying, 2018). Advocacy Strategy The correct advocacy strategy must have the following elements: Acknowledge cyber-bullying as a unique and growing problem within the sphere of harassment; Devise solutions and use instruments with specific regard to the cyber element of bullying; Have a scope of advocacy that far transcends the school environment, a feature that is informed by the infallible view that cyber-bullying occurs as much within the school as it does outside (Ciucci Baroncelli, 2014; DePaolis Williford, 2015). Advocacy Strategy Goals The following aims will direct action within the advocacy framework being proposed: To shed light and demarcate cyber-bullying as a semi-autonomous category of bullying that circumvents most of the parameters installed in and outside of schools to prevent harassment. For instance, it is virtually impossible for teachers and other relevant parties in schools to spot cyber-bullying and deal with it in accordance with the Education code and Seth’s Law. To provide tailored policy instruments to identify, define, and, where possible, categorize cyber-bullying. To program effective and long-term policy solutions for cyber-bullying that will transcend the borders of the school environment and protect students in spaces other than school in accordance with the dictates of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). Advocacy Strategy Requirements It important to start this section with emphasis on the fact that the advocacy strategy in focus is, in effect, a social policy. Hence, in order to achieve the three cardinal objectives above, four primary needs, all within social policy formulation, must be met. These are outlined below: Fiscal support. The undertaking of this advocacy strategy is both time and capital-intensive. Every single one of the steps explained below requires funding. Hence, it is necessary for the advocates to have fiscal support. It is postulated that the money can come from donations and grants by charitable and affiliate organizations. Research and design. In order to present an air-tight presentation without any flaws, it is necessary to engage in research on why the strategy being proposed is justified. In the wake of this research, the findings must be compiled and presented as a logic plan. The projected plan for this advocacy strategy is as follows: Activities Participation Short-term Mid-term Long-term Investments What to do Whom to reach Short-term results Mid-term results Long-term results Inadequacies in the existing anti-bullying policy framework in the state of California Collaborative partnerships with non-school community entities such as clubs in order to establish anti-cyber bullying knowledge and awareness outside of the school environment. School administrations to enforce ESSA mandate. Expertise on policy enforcement under the ESSA. Collaborate with schools Collaborate with community clubs Develop outreach and awareness programs within affected cohorts Devise means for parent engagement e.g. through community meetings. School districts Communities; both general demographics and ethnic/racial or gender/disabled groups Ultimately, individual children via smaller social units especially families and peer groups Development of working partnerships between the parties mentioned in the preceding sections. Better knowledge of community-level needs for the entrenchment of the proposed policy Understanding of how the policy works within ESSA and education code parameters. Improved community and state engagement on cyber-bullying Enhanced school and community functioning on cyber-bullying Established and fully functional mechanisms for monitoring, addressing, and preventing cyber-bullying. Improved school and community management of cyber-bullying. Logic plan for proposed advocacy strategy Appraisal from and the approval of institutions catering to the target demographic. Schools and other institutions that generally handle the population in focus—everyone under the age of 18—should examine the plan and approve it in order for it to be forwarded. The provisions of the strategy must mirror the desire and aims of the institutions’ anti-bullying efforts and policies. A platform for presentation and engagement with policy-makers. A meeting or forum will be set up whereby the top policy-makers for the state will engage the advocates on any matters of the policy that may be unclear from scope of coverage, costs of implementation, to compliance issues. Conclusion To sum everything up, the state of California is in intensive need of an exhaustive policy specifically targeting cyber bullying. Attention paid to literature on the matter indicates that neither long-standing nor newly developed policies are enough to fix the problem. Existing anti-bullying laws are too general and are almost entirely focused on the school setting, which renders them ineffective in handling cyber-bullying. Even Seth’s Law, the latest significant development in the anti-harassment laws, is not adequate for the challenges currently being experienced, and statistics indicate that the policy is failing in both cyber and traditional bullying. Hence, the advocacy strategy proposed above comes in to fill in the gaps and pay due attention to cyber-bullying. It is vital to note in conclusion that the proposition above is time, human resource, and financially intensive and must be granted the attention and time it requires because its profundity mirrors the scope of th e hurdle it is designed for.