Organizational Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Communication - Research Paper Example Therefore, constant complimenting turns out to be a challenge especially among numerous males because they have to conform to what corporations advocate in effort to motivate other workers. Nature of communication aspect focuses on the proportion of time spent by the employees talking as well as listening. This aspect also varies across genders contrary to the workplace’s varied levels, which define an employee’s position. Studies reveal men tend to be poor listeners compared to the female gender whereby the latter excels in both (listening and talking). Males fail because of their culture and ego where the latter prompts them to act as â€Å"knowing it all†. The first step would entail acknowledging cultural diversity, which characterizes organization’s employees (Bair, 2009). Therefore, I will initiate training on professional communication across cultures (Marques, 2010). This is to equip the professionals with adequate social intelligence meant to have high tolerance levels and open-mindedness especially when mingling with workers from other cultures (Goodman, 2012). These skills will also enable them to have successful co-existence once the inception of the intended change commences, hence contribute actively to the attainment of the corporation’s

International environmental management and sustainability Assignment

International environmental management and sustainability - Assignment Example In order to secure the future of the planet, there is a need to cut down the carbon footprints. The steps should be taken individually and on the mass level to make a difference. There are many ways to cut down the carbon footprints; like consuming as less energy as possible, utilizing renewable methods to generate energy, limiting the cutting of forests and planting more trees, using alternate fuel in the vehicles that produce no or less green house gases or utilizing the electric vehicles or covering short distances by foot or through cycling. In this way, the environmental protection can be guaranteed and the future of the planet earth can be secured (Carbonfootprints.com, nd, np). Diagnostic Base-line I noticed that a larger amount of carbon emissions are produced by the vehicles and as the travelling all around the world is increasing, the amounts of carbon emissions are also increasing. In this way, I aimed to reduce my individual carbon footprints by utilizing cycle or cover t he short distances by foot. ... In order to reduce my travel carbon footprints, I made decision to never use car for such short distances, instead I use bicycle for such short distance or cover the distance by foot. However, utilizing bicycle is a better option as it covers distance fast. For this reason, I bought a bicycle. The price of the bicycle can be covered by the saving the cost of the fuel. Every year vehicles are the major contributor in making the carbon footprints amount larger. According to a survey in 2004, it is estimated that about a distance of averagely 2.6 trillion miles was covered by cars and light trucks. The distance is as long as about 10 million complete trips to the moon from the earth. The estimated amount of miles per gallon an average vehicle gives was about 19.6 mpg, which is improved to a much lower value. An average type of gasoline has a content of about 5.3 pounds of carbon in a gallon. In this way, utilizing a gallon of gasoline in our cars produces about 5.3 pounds of carbon. If the miles per gallon are estimated to 20 mpg for an average car, then for 20 miles a vehicles produces about 5.3 pounds of carbon footprints and thus for a distance of about 2.6 trillion miles, the carbon produces is about 0.689 trillion pounds. The individual production of carbon from travel is about 1.5 tonnes per year. In this way, if a major reduction is made in the travel carbon footprints, the atmospheric carbon footprint can be reduced to a certain lower level. (Science-news.org, 2008, np) Aims The major air is to reduce my total carbon footprints, which are about 5.89 tonnes per year. However, the major contribution is made by my travel carbon footprints, which are about 3.08

Drill Press Redesign Project Design for Manufacture

Drill Press Redesign Project Design for Manufacture Drill press is the most vastly used mechanical machine around the world. Its usage is not limited to industries only, it is found and used even at homes in the form of portable or cordless drills. It is primarily used for cutting holes in specimen. Other functions that it can be used for include tapping, counter sinking, reaming, etc. There are three main types of drill press based on their versatility, size of workpiece it can handle and range. 1.1 Upright drill press First and the most commonly used type of drill press is Upright drill press. It consists of following main parts: (Groover, 2010) Base: It is the part that is in contact with the ground, it is made heavy to keep the drill bit from moving during operation. It can be bolted to the ground to keep the drill press fixed. Column: It is the part that acts as a backbone and provides support to the drill press. Drill press main sliding unit is attached to column as well and moves on the column. Work bench: it is a table attached to the column, it is used to hold the workpiece in place during operation. It consists of rails, through which bolts can slide and the fix the work piece on table at any location. Drill head: it is the top most part of drill press that contains the power spindle. 1.2 Radial drill Second type of frill press used in industries is the radial drill press. This type of drill press has larger range of cutting holes therefore it is used for large parts. Like upright drill press it also consists of Base, Column, Work bench and Drill head. In addition, it consists of one additional component that is explained below. (Groover, 2010) Radial arm: it is the component responsible for higher drilling range of radial drill. It can slide vertically on the column and also it can be rotated about the column and set at any angle. Drill head is fixed on the drill arm so it can slide across the radial arm and can be set at any distance from the column. 1.3 Gang drill Third and last type of drill press found in industry is gang drill. In this type of drill press, several upright drill press are arranged in a line that work independently but share the same working table. Therefore, this type of drill is used for cutting holes in sequence on same work piece or to perform sequence of operations like drilling, reaming, counter sinking, tapping, etc.ÂÂ   (Groover, 2010) This report will discuss the design for manufacture for the drill press main sliding unit. Material type has already been selected as polymeric material to reduce cost. For testing and feedback purpose, it is decide that initially only 20 units will be manufactured. After the positive feedback, this part will be manufactured commercially with production rate of 350 units per week. Task 1 (a) For a product to be successful, it should satisfy some set of requirements that the market / people demands and also the demands of industry. Functional requirements can be categorized into requirements of market, requirements during operation, manufacturing requirements and compliance requirements. (Rajput, 2008) 2.1 Requirements of market This product is intended for cottage industries as well for large production industries therefore its price should be in the range of 10 to 15 pounds per piece. Other demands of market include it should be easy to transport, high strength, safe to use, maintenance cost should be minimum and its life should be high. Finally, the product should attract people with its good aesthetics. 2.2 Operation requirements Most important requirement is that it should have enough strength to bear all the forces that will act on it during operation. The operation cost of the product that include the maintenance cost should be low. For the safety of the user, sliding motion of drill sliding unit on column should be smooth with less friction offered. High working temperatures are faced in drilling operation, therefore the melting temperature of the part should be high and it should be able to maintain its mechanical properties at high temperature as well. It should be used for variable chuck sizes.ÂÂ   (Rajput, 2008) 2.3 Manufacturing requirements Product should be light weight so that less material is required is required to manufacture it which will reduce its cost. Material requirements is polymeric material. Mass of the part should be just under 1.5 kg. Production time of the part should be such that production part of 350 part per week is achieved. Manufacturing technique for this part is injection molding therefore all the edges of the part should be properly filleted and sides should be drafted. Assembly and disassembly of the part should be quick and easy, fasteners would be used to mount the part on column for easy assembly and replacement of the part when required. (Rajput, 2008) 2.4 Compliance requirements Manufactured part should comply with the standards of The Society of the Plastics Industry so that there is uniformity among the manufactured parts and the replacement of part is easy. For this part standard SPI-B1 or SPI-C1 can be used. (Rajput, 2008) Task 1 (b) 3. Features, Manufacturing Process and Material Selection for DPMSU prototype The material available for manufacturing was polymer which became a basis for us to decide which process was to be followed. Keeping the economics, circumstances and suitability into consideration; injection molding was the most preferable process to manufacture the prototype of the drill press sliding unit. 3.1 Injection Molding Manufacturing Process In correspondence to our decision, Injection Molding is usually the most preferable and suitable process which is used for the manufacturing of materials made up of polymers. This process is highly flexible and diverse, and the products vary greatly in size and shape. Various shapes can be formed as a result of injection molding in a very short amount of time and with a very fine surface finish. (Groover, 2010) Figure 3: Parts of Injection Molding unit The process is very simple and easy to understand. Initially the raw material (plastic in our case) is inserted into the machine through the hooper placed on the top of the unit containing the reciprocating screw. To transport the plastic from the hooper to the mold core, a rotating screw is used which pushes these pieces towards the mold and applies pressure on them. The heaters on the wall around the screw melt down these pieces and eventually the molten plastic forms a highly viscous paste. This molten plastic is accumulated in the mold and the shape of the mold eventually ends up in the shape of the product. The plunging process of the machine makes sure that the mold is completely filled with the molten plastic and there are no further defects or any voids. This is all done due to the high pressure, the plunger exerts on the plastic. In the mold, the temperature drops and the molten plastic solidifies. The clamping unit is then separated with the help of clamping motor drive and chain. The part is then taken out very carefully because if too much force is applied, it might break or deform which might weaken its internal microstructure. This all depends on the way the part is designed and whether the stresses that occur during the removal process, are taken into consideration. Injection molding is an advantageous process in several ways which led us to choose this over any other. Injection Molding can produce parts of several shapes and sizes and in a very short amount of time. The products resulting from this process have very fine surfaces finishes. The labor cost is reduced greatly through this process and it leads it to be very economical. The wastage from Injection Molding is negligible and the remaining plastic can be re melted and used. (Groover, 2010) 3.2 Material When designing a drill press sliding unit, the most important parameter to consider was temperature. During drilling operations, the temperature might rise up very rapidly so a material with a very favorable temperature stability was required. The variation of material properties with change in temperature should be as low as possible. The second parameter to decide the material was the response of the material to forces and stresses applied during the molding process. Stresses not only played a role in deciding the material but also played a major role in the designing phase. These factors collectively contributed in deciding which material was to be used. Every material had some shortcomings and strengths and neither of the materials behaved appropriately in every condition but it was up to us to decide the point till which we could compromise on the temperature response without compromising on the stress profile. This influenced us to go for poly ether imide which is commonly refe rred to as PEI. This material remains very stable thermally up to temperatures like 200 o C (Frese et al., 2007). Not only that but it offers a very high resistance to wear a high speeds and pressures. DPMSU is a process which involves high pressures to drill the holes during operation and therefore, it needs continuous sliding. PEI becomes very suitable for such conditions. It is also highly resistant to thermal cracking and is denser than the other polymers. Apart from all these qualities, PEI is also very resistant to any sort of reaction influenced by chemicals (acids, alkalis, fuels and alcohols etc). Most importantly, it offers a very high tensile strength of 16000 psi throughout a very vast range of temperatures from -270 oC to 300 oC. PEI has very good mechanical properties at very high temperatures and very likely for our project. The only issue was that due to such an impressive range of advantages, PEI is relatively more costly than the other polymers. Despite that, our t otal cost is still very low if compared to the material cost of metals. (Frese et al., 2007) PEI offers a very wide range of applications in industry due to a lot of factors. It is very robust and has high strength which makes it very promising for usage. Some of its most common applications are as followed: It is used in the electronics industry specially for making integrated circuits. The reason for this is its high thermal stability and effective usage at a diverse range of temperatures. (Kuznetsov, 2000) It is used in aerospace industry due to the high strength it offers. (Kuznetsov, 2000) It is used in automotive industry due to its incredible surface finishing. (Kuznetsov, 2000) Task 1 (c, e) 4. Design Considerations We do know that the most suitable process for mass production of polymer is Injection molding. Keeping that in mind, we now have to consider the parameters and steps to be followed in order to cut down the production cost and production time as much as possible. 4.1 Avoid Sharp Edges Sharp corners are the biggest source of stress concentrations and high stress concentrations lead to point failures and crack initiations even under normal loading circumstances. The primary approach while designing this work piece would be to avoid as many sharp edges and practically avoidable and replace these edges with fillets and round corners. This will distribute the stress on the surface and will increase the part life under fatigue or creep loading. Work pieces with sharp corner becomes very vulnerable to surrounding and operating conditions and will behave in a very un-predictable manner under loading conditions. (Tang, 2008) 4.2 Avoid Sinking and other post-process deformations Due to difference in the exposure temperatures, all layers within the material cool down at different rates with respect to each other. This leads to the outer surfaces solidifying faster than the inner layers. This causes stress in the inward direction and the shape of the piece starts to change. The outer layers start sinking into the workpiece and this phenomenon becomes more dominant when there are multiple geometries of different thicknesses. To avoid such a situation, the thickness of the work piece should be kept as low as achievable according to the design. Sinking leads to discontinuities in the piece geometry and also induces unfavorable internal stresses. (Tang, 2008) 4.3 Material Optimization During manufacturing, attention should be given to save as much material as possible without compromising the integrity of the work piece. The designing should be done in such a way that the weight of the work piece is minimum possible with optimum required strength. This will not only lead to more weight but will increase the cost unnecessarily. Care has to be taken when extra material is made after the molding process. (Zhang, 2007) 4.4 Drafts For easy removal of the work piece from the mold, it is essential to leave some clearance so that the mold doesnt stick to the work piece. If it sticks, it might become difficult to remove the work piece and it might end up deforming the work piece. In such cases, it is preferable to keep the draft angle from 1 degree to 5 degree. This angle will give ample clearance to the work piece and will avoid any unfavorable situation. This parameter is essential for the smooth running of this process. (Zhang, 2007) 4.5 Material response to the mold It is very information that the material responds to the process appropriately. The material properties play the main role in defining the processes to be followed or the steps to be taken. The material should be decided very carefully keeping into consideration, all the problems and complications it might face in the process. The molten form of the material should be such that it accommodates itself perfectly within the mold and cover all the fine details within. The material should not sink after solidification and neither should it warp. (Wu, 2006) 4.6 Minimum work to be done of the work piece after molding The manufacturing should preferably be done by an experienced person. This will result in a much better and refined product and minimum refinement work will have to be done after the manufacturing. The mold plays an equally important role in the look of the product. A mold with a smooth inner surface will produce a very smooth outer surface of the work piece and hence very little work will have to be done to give the work piece a final touch before being used. (Wu, 2006) 5. Concerns and recommendations There are few concerns which have to be taken into consideration during our design and manufacturing process of DPMSU. These are as followed: If we are to run a machine, it is to be made sure that all the written information on the manual is communicated to the user as a lot of safety hazards are particularly mentioned on the user manuals. These manuals also contain procedures to be followed and precautions to be made so reading these documents is recommended before the usage of the machine, for safe and smooth operation. It is very crucial that the product is safely removed from the mold after solidification and nothing is damaged during its removal process. It is therefore essential that necessary clearances may be left in the mold and draft angles are taken into consideration while designing the mold. These angles greatly assist in the removal of the work piece after it has solidified. During the design process, it is to be taken into consideration that the stress is evenly distributed through the work piece and nowhere in the specimen should the stress be high enough to initiate a crack or cause any structural failure. Sharp edges and corners are the biggest source of high stress concentrations and must be replaced with the contoured surfaces in order to avoid stress concentration areas which may lead to mechanical failure of drill press main sliding unit during drilling operation. The mold plays a major part in defining how much time a particular process will take, how much of a share would labor cost have in the total cost and how good of a surface finish would be obtained. If these parameters are well understood and well implemented, work piece removal becomes very time and cost efficient. The machine should be completely utilized and hence the ejector pins should be taken into full use while removing the work piece. For minimum wastage, it is important that material with the most suitable condition and position is used throughout the operation. The machine should be used by an experienced person, who will make sure that minimum material is wastage after the process. As PEI is relatively more costly than other polymers, this consideration becomes important. It is necessary that the work piece is consistent and regular in dimensions. It is also to be considered that minimum post-process work is done and the manufactured specimen is gone through minimum finishing processes. To achieve this, the mold should be very smooth and the machine operator should be very experienced. Task 1 (d) Previously, injection molding is suggested for the prototyping of the component. Injection molding is also suitable for batch production of drill press main sliding unit but following things must be taken into consideration: If injection speed is high with less solidification time, it may lead to the deformation of material with time. To prevent this issue, speed of injection molding and time for solidification must be optimized in batch production. Drill press main sliding units is used to hold the drill bit and holder. Due to machining operation, temperature of the assembly may rise. Moreover, unexpected stresses on the component may occur. So, manufacturing method must yield polymeric component with optimized thermal conditions to avoid any catastrophic failure later on. (Rajput, 2008) Variations in dimensions is a common issue in polymeric components. To avoid this, synthetic hardening resins could be used while doing injection molding. These resins may enhance surface hardness of the component. (Tang, 2008) Porosity and air bubbles left in the component during manufacturing may lead to brittle failure later on. To avoid this, porosity must be prevented to occur. (Tang, 2008) References Groover, M. (2010). Fundamentals of modern manufacturing. 4th ed. New York: JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. Rajput, R. (2008). A textbook of manufacturing technology. 1st ed. New Delhi: Laxmi. Tang.Z.Y. (2008). :Plastic Mould Designer Guide[M],edited by Mechanical Industry Publishing House,Beijing. Wu.Z.Z,Wang.Q,Pang.Y.X,Zhang.H.A:Plastic Mold Design Guide,edited by National Defense Industry Press,Beijing(2006). Zhang W.H:Injection Mold Design of Practical Tutorial[M],edited by Chemical Industry Press,Beijing(2007 T. Frese et al., Electret Properties of Polyetherimides: Influence of Water Content and Comparison with Other High-Temperature Polymer Films, Macromol. Mater. Eng., vol. 292, pp. 582-587, February 2007. Kuznetsov, One-pot polyimide synthesis in carboxylic acid medium, High Perform. Polym., vol. 12, pp. 445-460, June 2000.

Indias Economic Success :: essays research papers

India's Economic Success In every region of the world there are culture and social differences that set countries apart. Each with an economic, social and political outlooks on the future that determine the way people live. These endless arrays, even occur in different parts of a particular of every country including one of the worlds most diverse, India. India is separated into 25 states and 7 territories which create 16 major languages and 1,000 minor languages and dialects. This diversity in language creates somewhat of a barrier for India to become one of the foremost leaders in world because of the lack of unity. Although, in the past, the India government has taken steps to correct this matter with promoting Hindi as the national language. However, Indians who cannot speak Hindi frowned upon this notion. They believed the best jobs would go to Indians who spoke Hindi and with their pride of their regional languages kept them from accepting this unity, thus government decided against this idea. Now, the India government recognizes 13 regional languages as official languages. Children in schools learn Hindi as their second language, with English being used primary in higher education. Education has become the most recognizable forms of advancing one's country, India has exploded in schools and enrollment in these schools. As we can see by page 2, both chart's, the difference in a little more then 10 years is considerable. Both school enrollment and the number of educational institutions have increased by an average of 63%, however do not get fooled by these numbers. The Indian's school system are extremely overcrowded and many children drop out to get a job to help support their families. This problem with India's educational system falls in two parts, the first being that children who do drop out to find a job, is part of the social problem that India has been trying to correct. The Indian government started this quest to eliminate child labor in 1986 with a whole section in the United Nations' convention on the Rights of the Child. Additionally, in 1986 they passed the Child Labor Act that intended to ban the employment of children in occupations that are considered hazardous and to regulate conditions of work for children employed in occupations where child labor is not actually banned. However, as we can see by the summery of this act it does not make the necessary changes to the social conditions in which children have to work to ensure that the family has money. The second problem with the educational system in India is the overcrowding. However this occurrence has more to do with the situation of population

Hip Hop and Americas Youth Essay

Music is a large part of life, it is important to America’s culture and identity. Music can   produce a negative effect on behavior and susceptible audiences, leading to aggressive behavior   in many of American youth. There have been many debates over hip-hop and its influence on the  youth community in America. Some people believe that it has a negative impact while others feel  that it does not account for any change in youth society. I believe that hip hop plays a role in the   destruction of the youth community in the America. How does music and human behavior   correspond? What are the negative and positive effects that hip hop has towards Americas youth   community?  Before I reach into the negative influences I would like to discuss the positive influences hip-hop  has brought to the society. Hip-Hop is among the top 5 most played genres. The oral creativity   the performer uses to generate a certain simile, metaphor, language and rhyme. Hip-hop and   poetry share the same methods that expedite into the youth culture to grow companionship   throughout the audience. Many devotees have agreed critical thinking about the society is   encouraged by hip-hop. Hip-hop is being used as an instructional tool by many instructors to   employ it for teaching grammar, mathematics and the periodic table.  The development of hip-hop started in Bronx New York. The evolution of hip-hop continues to   expand to our present day. It has become a movement and culture that began 30 to 40 years ago.   Kool Herc (DJ) is known as being a founder of hip-hop in 1967 when he made his first gig at his   sisters’ birthday party. Alterations within the culture have taken the originality to a whole new   level with technology taking its jump and commercialism overrunning the music industry.   (Palvic, 2006) The four elements condition (social, economic, cultural and political) reflects the  youth community allowing them to listen in a way they can relate or portray society. The Black   Arts Movements, Black Power, Civil Rights, New Negro Renaissance, Blues and Jazz are all phenomenon’s that can be drawn as similar artistic movements such as hip-hop. Rapping,   graffiti art, break dancing, and disc jockeying are considered to be among the four elements that wrap around hip-hop. Ever since hip-hop appeared in the Bronx, hip hop has incorporated a style  of language, dress and dialect and a way of looking at the world. (Alridge and James, 2005)  The relationship between human behavior and music is strong. Music effects human behavior in many ways and can summon emotions. (Gurney, 1982) There are types of music that   can relax a person, get a person pumped, and eve make a person feel sad. Music can increase   levels of memory as well as increase concentration levels. M usic is subject to bring a straight influence on the behavior of an individual. Studies have proven that music decreases the   accuracy of handwriting and keyboard typing. Nearly over one thousand studies have shown that  violent lyrical music produces a negative behavior in not all but certain children. The average   teens spend 4 to 5 hours daily listening to music or watching it on television. A Swedish study showed that more children that are conducted around violent music are more like to be influenced by their fellow peers than influenced by their parents/guardians. One can estimate that  youths are spending more time listening to music than listening to the guidance of their parents/guardians. More parents/guardians are getting less involved with what their children are listening to. One may believe that these parents/guardians may think that there is no consequence  for their children .This is a result in youths being lead down the wrong path which will eventually stab them later in life. This compilation almost works like the butterfly effect. Its starts out with something small and gradually work its way into something big. Human personality is developed unconsciously in the stages of growth in child hood. What we learn in  Hip Hop and America’s youth community 4  and become accustomed to in our childhood development will insure what we will become in our  adulthood. The concern is not within hip-hop itself but it’s the songs that promote racism, sex, violence, and drug use. These elements are the outlook of the world that hip-hop brings to society. I believe if you can change this outlook you can change the world. Violent hip-hop is just entrainment or gangster stories painted through lyrics like picture movies, simply believe everything a rapper says and sometimes begin to behave the same as well. (Mcwhorter, 2003)Dr. Tricia Rose conducted a research to determine whether violent lyrics,and in the case of music videos, violent images, can cause violent youth behavior. She gathered 5 youth ranging from the ages 5-12. In this experiment the children are the independent variable and hi p hop music being the dependent variable. Dr. Tricia had four computer monitors set up. Each child would watch the music videos with headsets on. Dr. Tricia then would study the behavior the children showed. She concluded from four out of five children were showing signs in change of behavior as the hip hop music was being played. The younger children would follow what they were seeing. The children would raise their hands up and flash gang’s signs up as they saw in the music video. Dr. Tricia proves that the majority of the children that sat and watched the music video were affected by what was being played. Hip hop artist have changed rapidly over the past 30 to 40 years. The culture is now usingdrugs, money, foul language and many other things to get inside the listener’s head. (Mcwhorter, 2003) One may wonder if developing a clean version of hip hop music to be played on the radio is enough. It doesn’t change what the artist is really inferring. The people o f America should not allow their youth community to listen to such music for it will only cause bigger problems in the long run. First off the black youth community in America will not be able grow in the society. The Black community will always looked upon as being a group of uneducated ignorant people. When playing music human behavior is to mimic what they see or hear. One can believe that children will be cursing, having adolescent sex, dressing inappropriately and etc. The hip hop culture has become more inappropriate the past 30 to 40 years. Classic hip-hop is the MC who raps from the heart while enlightens the people with a different way of seeing the world. The term MC is short for master of ceremonies, which was started in 1974(before rap).We’ve noted that many of the youth community in America can have a negative and little positive effect on hip hop music. Music can affect human behavior in psychological ways. Parental guidance is overrun by the amount of hours youths listen to music. Although music is a large part of life, it’s important to America’s culture and identity. The debates over hip hops negative effect on youth will continue unless the culture puts in the effort to change the hip-hop industry. References Alridge, Derrick P., and James B. Stewart. â€Å"Introduction: Hip Hop in History: Past, Present, and Future.† The Journal of African History 90.3 (2005): 190-95. Print. Gurney, Edmund (1982). â€Å"The psychology of music.† Mind, 7(25), 89-100.Print. Mcwhorter, John H. â€Å"How Hip-Hop Holds Blacks Back.† (n.d.): n. pag. City Journal. The Manhattan Institute, Summer 2003. Web. Feb.-Mar. 2014. . Palvic, E. (2006). Rap, Soul, and the Vortex at 33.3 RPM: Hip-Hop’s Implements and African American Modernisms. Callaloo, 29(3), 956-968.

Bruce Dawe Speech

The poem ‘Life Cycle’ traces the life of an Aussie Rules Football supporter from birth to death – hence the title ‘Life Cycle’. ‘Life Cycle’ essentially explains that you are born and raised in a house with a family who influence your every move and important lifestyle choices. Dawe demonstrates how something as simple as sport can be more important throughout a person’s entire life Poetry expresses an individual’s most intense emotions in the least amount of words.In the poems ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ and ‘Life Cycle’ Bruce Dawe expresses what the true Australian perspective is in his straight forward way of telling people what living in Australia is like. Dawe highlights Australian society in the 1960’s in his poem ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ through its episodic structure, simple colloquial language and a combination of the figurative techniques to address t he increased commercialism and apathy in the 1960’s. Dawe writes of a rapid trip through one man’s life from birth to death and seems to emphasise a life with little meaning. nd shared by everybody whose lives basically revolve around football. Another way Dawe shows the perspective that Australians love sport is his use of biblical allusion, showing that football supporters form their own religion or covenant as represented in the poem by stating â€Å"and the covenant is sealed†. Another method of proving how passionate Australians are about their love for sport is by ANZAC allusion. Comparing players to soldiers and warriors highlight the level of respect that they are shown to have for their beloved football club.Thus, the poem is a light-hearted look at the importance of football to the Victorians. than religion, so much to even say that it replaces it. He explains, through the constant use of colloquialism, that some Australian families have sport engraved into their daily routine and use it to bond with each other. â€Å"Oohh you bludger† is an accurate example of this because it is a kind of slang that is learned from the family as a child There is a laconic rather cynical tone that pervades this poem; life is gone before you know it.The Latin caption at the top translates to the grim reminder that we will all die – â€Å"remember, man that thou art dust, and unto dust shalt thou return. † This suggests that ‘we are all mortal and therefore, whatever striving we do, there are larger questions that the striving should be related to, and that striving just out of sheer, blind self interest is very destructive striving. ’ He presents life as standardised, commercialised and rather predictable and unappealing. This is an episodical poem that stereotypically deals with an average ‘him’. He’ as observed by Dawe is born in his mother’s arms and remains innocent, but tainted by s ociety. The title is a metaphor for people who barge through life without taking the time to think about whom they are and what they are doing. Whether it is members of a team, or fans cheering for a certain team, sports have always bonded people of different backgrounds together with a common goal. The way players participate in a sport and interact with team members helps to build the players self-identity. Australians and their love for sport is a perfect example of this.Bruce Dawe presents what he thinks the Australian perspective is in his poems. He implies that Australia lives through sport. That sport is a religion and is worshiped. That sport is in every true Aussies life from birth to death yet he also pushes the perspective that there is something wrong with 1960’s Australian society. Thank you. They are born into their love for a team or sport and follow it their entire life. Many different sporting events or themes are used to bring complete strangers together and in doing so, help improve the way people see each other or themselves.Sports are events that have been around in some form or another for many years. Throughout time, they have gradually evolved into their current state, and will surely continue to be around for years to come. This is because they always have, and always will be a positive influence on society and individuals. One positive factor of sports is the fact that they draw people together. The perspective that Australians love sport is very obvious and correct because it is shown in so many ways, like sport campaigns at chools, at working or any number of things. Bruce’s Dawe’s poem ‘Life-Cycle’ proves this. Dawe seems to be saying there is something very wrong with a society that insists that material things, and the pursuit of money to afford them, are important. The lengthy description of what isn’t in the grave is intended to make the realistic point that none of those things are ulti mately of any importance. Fledged member of the rat-race, obsessed with status, completely insincere, selfish and ruthless Ironically, Dawe’s comments are very realistic.After the man’s death, Dawe continues the attack on a society obsessed with appearances, even to the point where the reality of death is glossed over and prettified. The body of the poem seems to attack the sort of consumer society that twentieth century man is obsessed with. It deals with, and follows the life of one representative of this type of society, and shows how from birth he is conditioned to accept the materialistic standards of this society. When the boy has become a man he has lost the quality of wonder and become another fully

Greatest Canadian essays

Greatest Canadian essays Kites rise highest again the wind not with it said Sir Winston Churchill. In times of great difficulty, the cream always rises to the top. The greatest Canadians of all time have all had to deal with their own adversity, which has made them stronger. In times when civil rights did not exist for minorities in Canada, one lady made herself heard and refused to abide by the, then existing status quo. Her efforts for justice and equality were truly heroic and this essay is dedicated to the Greatest Canadian of all time. Most people have heard of Rosa Parks, an African-American woman who refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white woman. Have you heard of Viola Desmond? Lost in an unfamiliar town, she made her way into the theatre and mistakenly sat in the whites only section of the theatre. This section was only for locals, and when asked to move, Viola offered to pay extra since there were no other seats left in the colored section. In 1946, it seemed impossible for black and white folk to coexist peacefully. Much of Canada had yet to integrate and the color barrier was still in place creating a volatile situation. Violas brave act cost her two weeks of jail time and a fine with an undisclosed amount of money. Her actions, however, did not go in vain. Carrie Best, a fellow negro living in Nova Scotia and founder of the first newspaper for blacks in Canada, heard about the story of Viola Desmond and acted immediately. Not only did she post the bail, she took Viola into her home and helped her get back on her feet and wrote about Violas story in the Clarion. Violas story caused upheaval amongst the colored folk across Canada and was the cause for numerous civil rights rallies across Canada. Carrie Best was born in 1903 during a time when blacks were heavily discriminated against and segregated in Canada. ...

Racial diversity in The United States

Racial diversity in The United States Introduction The United States have witnessed tremendous changes and developments in its racial and ethnic composition in the last three centuries owing to factors such as colonization, immigration and more recently the economic globalization.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Racial diversity in The United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the world has experienced massive integration over the years, the United States remains the only country where the bulk of the integration has occurred. More importantly, the racial diversity has become a common determinant in the business environment with major implications on economic fortunes of locally and foreign based companies. The success of integration of immigrants is believed to influence the market dynamic and consumer expectations. In addition, integration of races has elicited much debate among racial sociologists with some supporting heterogene ity while others are keen on the homogenization of all races to form an American culture. This research paper will offer the differing perspectives of the melting pot and the salad bowl images in interracial relations. The paper will provide a brief description of the two metaphors and relate them to appropriate theories of relations before discussing their strengths and limitations. To start with, it is imperative to define the two metaphors in order to have a clear picture of what they represent in the American society. The salad bowl is a concept widely used to denote the successful incorporation of divergent and differing cultural values and norms in a different setting such as the United States. Although some form of integration occurs in the society, the specific cultures do not overly merge to form a homogenous culture, but retain their distinct values. On the other hand, the melting point has been regularly been used to bring out the tendency of a society losing its heteroge neity of cultures thereby embracing a common and homogenous cultural concept. The assimilation of the cultural diversity occasioned by massive influx of immigrants to the United States in the later stages of 18th century is a good example of the melting pot concept (Yitzhaki Schechtman, 2009, p. 140).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More American culture from 18th to early 20th century can be explained through the melting pot concept owing to the fact that major developments and realignments on socio-economic and political dynamic occurred during this period. The concept has been widely been regarded as among the pillars that helps the American people enjoy much success in social and economic circles. Taking into consideration that America has its origin in immigration, the massive influx of foreigners from Europe pitched camp in the United States thereby settin g a foundation of the American culture. The arrival of the Africans and Latinos as slaves followed by the Hispanics brought a rich cultural mix (Henderson, 2009, p. 11). Although interracial relations were limited owing to stereotyping and legal challenges, considerable merger of the culture occurred in the early years of immigration buoyed by the close relationships that formed between the employers, farmers, slaves and the tradesmen. Although segregation based on ethnicity and economic might was prevalent, integration gained momentum in the years after American independence especially in major cities such as New York (White, 1989, p. 28). The interaction of the different ethnic groups within the various neighborhoods and in the workplaces increased the speed of assimilation of cultural diversity to form a distinct and dynamic American culture. Rosaldo (1994, p. 405) asserted that assimilation started at the lowest level where a lot of social mobility is observed and improved as th e immigrants improved their social status. Increasing discontent by the opponents in the first half of 20th century fuelled by inequalities in the social environment resulted in the embracement of the salad bowl. The legalization of interracial marriages took effect in 1967 and the enactment of the immigration Act of 1q965 meant that an increasingly number of immigrants entered the country thereby imparting negatively on their integration in the American culture. The desire of the minority groups from Asia and Latin America to retain their identity and heritage meant an end to the homogeneity of the American society thereby resulting in the wide application of the salad bowl concept (Henderson, 2009, p. 23).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Racial diversity in The United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, America enjoys the most dynamic culture with almost all aspects of its socio-economic st ructures having a well balanced representation brought about by political and social changes of the preceding decades. A walk through the streets of major cities reveals a huge presence of Hispanics and African Americans in addition to the Asians and blacks which has made America to be regarded as a land where plurality of races. In view of the above, the melting pot has been widely used to refer to the act where all immigrants are introduced into the large pot, which is America, and are assimilated gradually just like the components of the pot melt away to form a common item. The act of melting down of cultural beliefs to embrace the American model is widely observed in language, dressing and lifestyle. In contrast, the salad bowl offers a current representation of the American society (Banton, 1998, p. 54). The salad bowl consists of several ingredients that bring their unique tastes and flavors. It is worth noting that an increase in the ingredients commensurate to a rich and oft en tasty salad. The presence of the ingredients as entities is imperative to achieve the delicacy of the salad. Likewise, America is allowing large numbers of immigrants into its territory each year thereby resulting in influx of a variety of cultures. The upsurge of immigrants in the last few decades meant the segregation of the newcomers, who in turn delved to retain their identities, hence forming a mosaic type of scenario. This has led to the emergence of distinctive ethnic enclaves that are bound by the American vision thus forming a whole entity, just like in the salad (LeMay, 2008). Proponents of multiculturalism have been in the forefront in championing the salad bowl due to their desire for the society to retain the diversity offered b y this concept. On the other hand, the melting pot has played a major role in uniting people of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds thereby making it popular in places experiencing conflict. The melting pot is therefore associated with assimilation whereby the larger society is protected from receiving undue influence from the some cultures. Therefore, melting pot is associated with assimilation while the salad bowl is close to the theories of multiculturalism (Aguirre Jr. Turner, 2008, p. 65). In addition, melting pot has lost relevance in America owing to changes in social dynamic s and technological advancements although it still holds clout in other countries where cohesion among different ethnic populations is needed to ensure stability. In contrast, salad bowl has become a modern day concept that allows retention of cultural diversity in the society thereby creating more avenues of influencing the social economic dynamics.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theories of racial relations Theories of racial relations have continually served to shed light on the different perspectives of the melting pot and salad bowl. In fact, they offer a systematic approach that enhances the understanding of the holistic study of races in relation to the social environment particularly with regard to concerns over discrimination and conflicts. Assimilation theories have been widely utilized to expound on the concepts behind the melting pot in interracial relations. Park (1930, p. 183) asserted in his theory that the immigrants make an initial contact with the larger society, similarly to introduction to the large pot. Close interaction occurs during the first few months and years before a competitive phase ensues whereby the ethnic populations are often faced with dwindling resources and opportunities resulting in stiff competition. Scarcity of employment opportunities and social amenities brings about discontent between the two competing sides to an ex tent where ethnic conflict occur (Kivisto, 2004, p. 76). In addition, the immigrants are entirely blamed for the social problems by the larger society thus providing more time for interaction whereby learning of each other ways take place (Aguirre Jr. Turner, 2008). In comparison to the components of the melting pot, the immigrants together with their descendants surrender and start learning the norms of their new environment thereby improving their relations with their other races. Incorporation in joint ventures is achieved when close interaction occurs at workplaces and social activities resulting into sharing of cultural values. In tandem with the melting pot concept, the merger of the two cultural entities led to the invention of a distinct cultural identity (LeMay, 2008). It is worth noting that the assimilation process is effective only when conducive predisposing factors that promote interaction of the various ethnic populations. However, the assumption that assimilation is a relentless process while failing to explain the impact of the discriminatory forces makes the theory’s premise weak (Yitzhaki Schechtman, 2009, p. 148). The embracement of salad bowl in mid 20th century provided a good basis on which the population dynamics could be explained. The salad bowl concepts shares similarities with the pluralism theories due to their assertion of retention of distinct identities in advent of social pressures to homogenize. The pluralism theory champions the preservation of cultural and organizational structures while maintaining the behavioral characteristics as a form of curtailing discriminatory efforts towards a certain group. In tandem with the contents of the salad bowl, pluralism theory is concerned with the perpetuation of the ethnic identities hence creating a pluralistic society that is unique due to its mosaic nature (LeMay, 2008). Pluralism theory realizes the inevitability of change thereby creating avenues of minimal adjustments in the cultural values with the sole aim of shielding the small populations from discrimination. While minimal deviation from the norms is advised, the theory asserts that retention of elements that denote the ethnic heritage should always precedence at all times. More importantly, the theory supports the view that heterogeneity and diversity offers better prospects in terms of development of cultural values (Spiro, 1955, p. 1234). Despite serving to complement the salad bowel, pluralism theory is criticized for failing to take into consideration the broader social forces that perpetuate discrimination; its explanation is premised on ethno genesis. Strengths and limitations The melting pot set the foundation of the formation of an American culture that has unified the people irrespective of the differing demographic variables. The cultural assimilation concept involving all the ethnic identities ensures the resulting cultural dispensation receives wide acceptance from the masses (Yitzh aki Schechtman, 2009, p. 143). However, the concept fails to take into account the implications of the disparities between the various ethnic populations in terms of economic power and numbers. Although cultural assimilation occurs, a high tendency of segregation and homogeneity has been observed based on ethnic origin. It is not uncommon to find distinct neighborhoods habited by a certain ethnic population, and such examples are evident in majority of the cities. In addition, the skewed distribution of new immigrants in terms of settlement denotes impediments to the overall integration of the American society at social, cultural and economic levels while taking into account the existence of ethnic poverty and dispersion (Yitzhaki Schechtman, 2009, p. 143). Empowerment of the minority groups is acknowledged by the salad bowl where they are provided with an opportunity to preserve their identities as a way of cushioning themselves from discrimination. More importantly, improved liv ing and relations within and without the cultural ethnic enclave is efficient owing to the mutual respect developed amongst the populations. However, the tendency of manipulating the supportive environment through legislative or social changes aimed at disadvantaging a certain group is rife. Loss of diversity and eventual demise of variety through exposing the minority groups would exacerbate the situation thereby rendering them vulnerable to massive challenges in the society (White, 1989, p. 89). Conclusion Taking into the variations in the ethnic populations of the immigrants, the eventual integration in the American way of life has become a difficult task. While opposing views exist between the two concepts, their success in improving interracial relations has proved a success story. However, the holistic and unpredictable nature of the American socio, economic and political environment has eroded some achievements leading to fragmentation of the society at the local level. Moreo ver, manipulation of the balancing mechanisms would water down the fruits of salad bowl and melting pot. It is therefore imperative for the American people to remain vigilant in ensuring the premises behind the two models are retained thus ensuring peaceful coexistence and improved interracial relations. Reference List Aguirre Jr., A. Turner, J. (2008). American Ethnicity: The Dynamics and Consequences of Discrimination. New Jersey: McGraw. Banton, M. (1998). Racial Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge university press. Henderson, S. (2009). Aspects of American History. New York: Prentice Hall. Kivisto, P. (2004). What Is The Canonical Theory Of Assimilation? Robert E. Park and His Predecessors. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 40(2), 149–163. LeMay, M. (2008).The Perennial Struggle: race, ethnicity, and minority group relations in the United States. New Jersey: McGraw. Park, R. E. (1930). Assimilation, social. In E. R. A. Seligman A. Johnson (Eds.), Encyclopedi a of the social sciences (pp. 281–283). New York: Macmillan Company. Rosaldo, R. (1994). Cultural Citizenship and Educational Democracy. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 402-411. Spiro, M. (1955). The Acculturation of American Ethnic Groups. American Anthropologist, 57(6), 1240-1252. White, S. (1989). A Question of Style: Blacks in and around New York City in the Late 18th Century. The Journal of American Folklore, 102(403), 23-44. Yitzhaki, S. Schechtman, E. (2009). The â€Å"Melting Pot†: A Success Story? Journal of Economic Inequality, 7(2), 137-151.

Begum Surname Meaning and Family History

Begum Surname Meaning and Family History Begum is a Muslim honorific title for, or means of addressing, a respectable lady. It did not originally develop as a surname, but over time has been adopted as a last name by many unmarried women, especially in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Begum is quickly becoming a fairly common surname in America and England. A frequency map created by James Cheshire in 2012 puts Begum as the most popular surname in Londons  Tower Hamlets and south Camden neighborhoods. Surname Origin:  Muslim Alternate Surname Spellings:  BAIGUM, BEGAM Famous People With the Begum Last Name Hamida Banu Begum - Wife of the  second Mughal Emperor, Humayun, and mother of Mughal Emperor, Akbar.Mehnaz Begum - Pakistani singerFatma Begum -  Indias first female film directorAmeena Begum - Wife of Sufi master, Inayat Khan Where Is the Begum Surname Most Common? The last name Begum  is the 191st most common surname in the world, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears. It is most prevalent in India, where it ranks as the 37th most common last name, followed by Bangladesh (50th) and Fiji (92nd). Within India, the name is most prevalent in  Telangana, where it is the most common surname, followed by  Jammu and Kashmir, Pondicherry, Assam, and Delhi. WorldNames PublicProfiler  does not include surname data from India, but within Europe Begum is found most frequently in West Midlands, Yorkshire and Humberside, South East, North East and East Midlands, England. The name is also fairly common in Oslo, Norway. Genealogy Resources for the Surname BEGUM Begum Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Begum family crest or coat of arms for the Begum surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - BEGUM GenealogyExplore over 340,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Begum surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Begum RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Begum surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Begum Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Begum surname from the website of Genealogy Today. Ancestry.com: Begum SurnameExplore over 260,000  digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Begum surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com. References: Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997

Nike Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nike - Case Study Example Maintaining a level of high innovation, operational efficiency, and driving the creative and wild spirit of the brand culture will continue to be the differentiating factor between Nike and their closest competitors in the marketplace. The major competitors for Nike are: Adidas/Reebok- Both are very established brands domestically and especially internationally with a loyal customer base. For Adidas their key demographics are especially the 35 and older crowd. Their grass roots presence and their history of amateur sports sponsorship especially in soccer has allowed the company to maintain its position as the number two performance apparel and footwear company of Europe. Reebok with their strong market presence, strong endorsement, and fashion focus has captured a significant portion of the market share. 1) Nike has grown from its humble beginnings back in 1962 when Phil Knight started Blue Ribbon Sports the precursor to Nike to become the world’s largest athletic footwear and apparel company. Nike as a brand became known for its edginess, innovation and cutting edge technology. The brand's focus on performance and true innovation has built a high level of consumer acceptance and brand equity from serious athletes and amateurs and as a direct consequence the general public alike. Through savvy marketing campaigns, key sponsorships of professional athletes, sport leagues, teams, and its tradition for continuous technological and operational improvements the company has maintained its leadership position in the industry both domestically and internationally. By shifting its focus towards the consumer and not just the product Nike succeeded in capturing and maintaining the largest market share in the industry. 2) Despite incredible success in the domestic market by the 1980's Nike passed Adidas as the number one domestic athletic shoe company. Nike faced a lot of difficulty getting a foothold in the European market with formidable competitors like Adidas an d Puma controlling over 75% of the athletic shoe and apparel market. By adapting its marketing campaign to suit its target audience and through savvy marketing and grassroots efforts Nike has developed its brand equity to become the market leader in the world. By becoming the world's largest athletic shoe and apparel company in the world Nike has had to face a lot of criticism for their unfair labor practices in their Asian manufacturing facilities. 3) Sponsorship deals with athletes like Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods were crucial to development of Nike's brand image as a whole. One of the key elements that helped Nike develop its brand equity domestically and internationally was through a marketing strategy where individual markets saw ads that featured local heroes and athletes and through direct financial support of local sport leagues and teams in the markets they served. Becoming an official sponsor for world renowned international sport events such as the Olympics places the brand in a unique position to increase the brand's goodwill, consumer confidence, and increases loyalty to the brand as a whole. 4) By becoming the number one athletic footwear and apparel company Nike is open to a diversity of operational factors and exposure that need to be constantly monitored. Nike's corporate image was negatively affected when allegations of unsafe work

Green Technology and Sustainable Development Research Paper

Green Technology and Sustainable Development - Research Paper Example The concentrated solar power integrates the use of mirrors and lenses, for purposes of creating a large surface area of sunlight, into a small beam, therefore converting the energy, into electric energy. This energy is always used in large power plants. The first solar power plant came into existence in the year 1980s. The plant was called Solar Energy Generating Systems, and was in California. This is the largest power installation system in the world (Cummings, 2012). This is because the plant has the capacity of producing 354 megawatts of solar power. There is no other solar plant in the world that produces solar energy, of such kind of a magnitude. Another solar plant is in the process of construction, and is situated in California. The power plant has the capacity of producing 550 megawatts of solar energy (Tumber, 2012). This is a solar plant that will use photovoltaic energy. Other solar plants, under construction in California are the Topaz solar farm, the Blythe Solar power project, and the Ivanpah solar power facility. All this are photovoltaic solar plants under construction in California. However, there exist photovoltaic solar panels in America that are in use (Sussman, 2012). These are the Copper Mountain Solar facility, in Nevada, and the Long Island Solar Farm, in New York. The two have a capacity of producing solar energy to the tune of 48 and 37 megawatts of electricity, respectively. This paper focuses on Photovoltaic industry, as an element of solar energy production. The Solar energy industry association estimates the number of jobs created by the industry to stand at around 25000 people. This amounted to an approximate number of 100,000 people as of August 2011. This people work in the sales and distribution department, installation, project development, finance, and research and development (Hess, 2012). This number of employees amount to less that 1% of United

Cliente Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Expedia Internet Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Expedia Internet Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Chairman Barry Diller controls about 60% of the company." This paper serves as a complete marketing plan for the Internet traveling company Expedia. The information contained in this report is designed to help an individual gain a thorough understanding of the company's current standing and situation, as well as to gain a good idea of their opportunities and threats for the future. In addition, internal components to the company are discussed. The purpose of this paper is to include and/or explain a variety of components related to Expedia. It includes an executive summary, the company's overall business objectives, the company's specific marketing objectives, Expedia's business situation and SWOT Analysis, the internal situation at the company, the company's performance analysis, data on programs of a similar nature if available, resource availability and allocation, the company's external situation, the market(s) the company operates in, the company's competitors, the technological infrastructure of the company, the value chain associated with the company, a summary of strengths/weaknesses/opportunities/threats, marketing problems and opportunities, identification of target market(s)/market segments, marketing action plans, products and/or services offered by the company, price, integrated marketing communications-online and offline, customer acquisition and retention plans as appropriate based on objectives, distributi on and fulfillment, quality and customer service, technological infrastructure and data requirements, testing plans if appropriate, the plan for testing critical marketing or program variables, the plan for usability testing of their website, evaluation techniques, their budget, and an implementation timetable. Overall Business Objectives Expedia.com lists their business objectives as follows: Expedia delivers consumers everything they need for researching, planning, and purchasing a whole trip. The company provides direct access to one of the broadest selections of travel products and services through its North American Web site, localized versions throughout Europe, and extensive partnerships in Asia. Serving many different consumer segments - from families booking a summer vacation to individuals arranging a quick weekend getaway, Expedia provides travelers with the ability to research, plan, and book their comprehensive travel needs. Expedia-branded Web sites feature airline tickets, hotel reservations, car rental, cruises, and many other in-destination services from a broad selection of partners. (Expedia.com, 2008, pg. 1) Specific Marketing Objectives Expedia sets their marketing objectives under a strategy formulation in their annual report. They claim, "Our objective is to create long term shareholder value by creating a business that delivers significant value to customers and to suppliers with each travel purchase, and has sustainable sources of competitive differentiation" (EDGAR Online, 2008, pg. 1). Their strategy involves several key elements (EDGAR Online, 2008). The first key element that they include in their formal marketing strategy is to make their customer base larger. They plan to do this by continuing to increase awareness of their company and what it has to offer. "We believe that this increased awareness will cause increased numbers of consumers to visit our websites. Our current

Whether we should depend on renewable energy instead of fossil fuels Thesis

Whether we should depend on renewable energy instead of fossil fuels - Thesis Example In many respects, renewable energy is more beneficial, and this is why in the nearest future people should use it as the main source of energy instead of fossil fuels. First of all, renewable energy is not as harmful for the ecology as fossil fuels. As a result of human activities, the atmosphere of the planet is overloaded with carbon dioxide and other emissions which added all together cause the greenhouse effect that result in the rise of the average temperature of the atmosphere, also referred to as global warming. For example, in the United States, In accordance with the data presented on the official website of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, â€Å"over 70% of electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, mostly coal and natural gas†. In total, electricity production in the country accounts for about one third of harmful emissions, among which 25 percent are emitted by coal-fired power plants and 6 percent – by natural gas-fired power plants (United States Environmental Protection Agency). At the same time, when it comes to the use of renewable energy, greenhouse gases emissions are minimal. What is more, the U. S. De partment of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory have introduced a milestone study, in accordance to it would be possible to reduce greenhouse gases emissions by 81 percent if at least 80 percent of electricity in the country were produced using renewable sources of energy. Second of all, renewable sources, such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen, biofuel etc., are vast and inexhaustible. All these mentioned sources have a great technical potential to meet the needs of electricity of the entire world. For example, by 2040, solar power industry could provide 26 percent of people’s needs for electricity (McLamb). Fossil fuels, in their turn, are not unlimited at all. Accordingly with the latest

Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategic Management - Case Study Example Inaugurated in 1999, the company’s 16 years of existence has proved remarkably beneficial in the global energy mix, crafting ultra-modern ideas that have contributed to resolving present day energy needs such as supply reliability, fuel cost volatility and overall conserving the earths scarce natural resources and fossil fuels with its exclusive cadmium telluride (CdTe) film technology, successfully achieving the undermost leveled cost of electricity (LCOE) in the entire industry. They also extraordinarily lowered manufacturing costs to the bare minimum i.e. less than a dollar per watt, another record breaker, and a new goal limit set for capital efficiency. (Citation, year) This success, although seen to only further excel, faced new rivalries in 2011, hence leading to the gradual decline of their electric empire in the solar module industry. Specializing in the production of crystal silicon (c-Si), these emergent companies such as Trina, Yingli and Suntech raced to not only reach but overcome these newly set standards, rapidly reducing overall manufacturing costs and increasing output. In 2013, Suntech replaced First Solar acclaiming the number one position of modules worldwide. Several strategic issues had surfaced due to which First Solar led to its downfall. Of the two major reasons, the first is that these new entrants began selling crystalline-silicon solar panels for less than a dollar, creating a price clash. Secondly, the silicon solar panels proved more efficient than the thin-filmed cadmium-telluride solar panels hence consumers preferred the newer products over theirs as they were getting better quality and reliability for the same price. Although a major part of their profits were accumulated from their solar power plants and installation, these low budgeted and better quality Chinese panels forced

Whether we should depend on renewable energy instead of fossil fuels Thesis

Whether we should depend on renewable energy instead of fossil fuels - Thesis Example In many respects, renewable energy is more beneficial, and this is why in the nearest future people should use it as the main source of energy instead of fossil fuels. First of all, renewable energy is not as harmful for the ecology as fossil fuels. As a result of human activities, the atmosphere of the planet is overloaded with carbon dioxide and other emissions which added all together cause the greenhouse effect that result in the rise of the average temperature of the atmosphere, also referred to as global warming. For example, in the United States, In accordance with the data presented on the official website of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, â€Å"over 70% of electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, mostly coal and natural gas†. In total, electricity production in the country accounts for about one third of harmful emissions, among which 25 percent are emitted by coal-fired power plants and 6 percent – by natural gas-fired power plants (United States Environmental Protection Agency). At the same time, when it comes to the use of renewable energy, greenhouse gases emissions are minimal. What is more, the U. S. De partment of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory have introduced a milestone study, in accordance to it would be possible to reduce greenhouse gases emissions by 81 percent if at least 80 percent of electricity in the country were produced using renewable sources of energy. Second of all, renewable sources, such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, hydrogen, biofuel etc., are vast and inexhaustible. All these mentioned sources have a great technical potential to meet the needs of electricity of the entire world. For example, by 2040, solar power industry could provide 26 percent of people’s needs for electricity (McLamb). Fossil fuels, in their turn, are not unlimited at all. Accordingly with the latest

Riordan Amended IT Budget Essay Example for Free

Riordan Amended IT Budget Essay Amended Riordan Manufacturing IT Budget The executive board for Riordan has tasked Information Technology with reducing their overall budget by two percent, while providing an increase of four percent to hardware line item, software line item, and outside IT support services. There are many lines within the budget that can be cut immediately to provide the necessary budget cuts, but it is important to make sure that none of the services being provided to staff will suffer with the adjustment to the budget. This paper will discuss the current budget, the increased made to the requested line items and the overall budget decrease. The paper will also justify the changes made to the budget. CURRENT BUDGET Riordans current IT budget consists of $1,567,750 being spent on salaries, benefits and bonuses. Another $333,500 is being spent on Operating costs. The total IT budget is $1,901,300. In order to meet the expected two percent decrease, IT will need to cut $38,026 from their budget. The hardware line item has a total budget of $8,500 and the four percent increase totals an additional $340. The software portion of the budget has a total of $45,000 when you include the line items for software licenses and maintenance. The four percent increase for this line item will cost Riordan an additional $1,800. The outside IT support services has a budget of $93,600 when you included the contracts and the leased lines line items. The increase for this portion of the budget totals $3,744. The total amount needed to increase each of the requested line items by four percent is $5,884. WHERE TO CUT BUDGET After increasing the specified line items as requested by the executive board, the IT department is left with the need to cut nearly $39,000 to meet the two percent budget reduction. This would bring the total IT budget down from $1.91 million to 1.87 million. The first places to look for reductions are any miscellaneous projects or non-essential spending within the budget. The first line item to reduce would be the entertainment portion. Currently, the IT department is spending $1,400 for entertainment. I would adjust the budget and allow $200 to be spent every four months, which will total up to $600 dollars a year. While I understand the need to entertain or reward the IT department for a job well done, it is not necessary to entertain them nearly every month of the year. Quarterly job well done or entertainment is enough to keep team members motivated, but not enough to become an expectation. By reducing the amount of entertainment, the IT department will recognize a cost savings of $800. This leaves a balance of $38,200 in order to meet the reduction goal. The next place I would check for reduction is in the travel budget. Now I do understand that Riordan has three locations worldwide and sometimes it may be necessary to travel to a location, but there is no need to travel every month of the year. Travel could occur twice a year, February and June. The rest of the months would be cut out. The IT department can set up Skype accounts, or WebEx accounts to allow the managers to communicate about projects and to take care of the issues that were normally handled with the travel budget. Skype allows users to communicate face to face while the WebEx account allows the users to see each others screen and collaborate. The travel budget would go from $22,000 to $7,000. This is a cost savings of $15,000 and now only leaves a balance of $23,200 that must be reduced from the budget. The last place where I would adjust the budget would be the special projects line item. This line item has $150,000 allocated to it, but no specific projects tied to it. I would reduce the budget to $126,800 which would take  care of the remaining shortfall to reduce the overall budget by two percent. This final reduction will take the total IT budget to $1,862,300. NEW BUDGET I was able to reduce the IT budget without losing staff. This allows Riordan to continue with the plans to move the China location to Shanghai. The new budget also allows for the IT Department to continue their hardware purchases, software licenses and IT support services. The new budget is as follows: The highlighted sections include the reductions made to meet the requested two percent decrease. SUMMARY OF CHANGES To meet the requested two percent budget reduction, there were three line items that were reduced. The first group was the travel line item. This line item was reduced to $7,000 and was reduced because staff members can have video conferences using Skype and can collaborate via WebEx on projects. While some travel is necessary and reflected with a budget of $7,000 some work can be completed from their local offices and thereby eliminating the monthly trips between the three locations. The next reduction made was to the entertainment line item of the budget. While there is a need to keep the staff happy by providing entertainment or rewards for a good job, the rewards can be better received by making them an expectation. I dont see a benefit in completely removing the entertainment budget, but there was a benefit in reducing the amount spent on entertainment/rewards. The budget was reduced to allow for entertainment/rewards quarterly. This can motivate employees to work harder to be one of those chosen to receive a reward every quarter. The entertainment budget was reduced to a total of $600. The last change made was a reduction to the special projects line item. The  special projects line item was reduced to $126,800. The reason for the reduction was there were no special projects tied to the line item. Because there were no special projects tied to the line item, it is easier for IT to adjust to the reduction before planning any special projects. CONCLUSION The IT department was tasked with increasing the following line items by four percent: software, hardware and IT support services. But the overall budget also had to be decreased by two percent. This was done by first increasing the requested line items and then decreasing the budget to the requested levels. It was only necessary to reduce three line items, the entertainment section, travel section and special projects. The reduction of these three line items do not have a huge impact on the IT department but allows the department to meet the budget reduction request.

The Ruthenium Red Test Biology Essay

The Ruthenium Red Test Biology Essay This test is subjected to identification of carbohydrates. 1 w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. Test mixture was combined with a small amount of molischs reagent in a test tube. After mixing, small amount of concentrated sulphuric acid was slowly added down the sides of the sloping test tube to obtain violet ring at junction. 5.2.1.4. Ninhydrin test This test is subjected to identification of proteins. 2 ml aqueous solution of test substance and 1 ml alcoholic ninhydrin solution was mixed in test tube and heated at 80Â ° C for 5 min to obtain red color. 5.2.1.5. Test with iodine This test is subjected to identification of non reducing polysachharides (starch). 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 3 ml test solution and few drops of dilute Iodine solution were mixed to obtain blue color after cooling and no color after heating. 5.2.1.6. Biuret test This test is subjected to identification of proteins. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 3 ml test solution, 1 ml 4% sodium hydroxide and 2 drops of copper sulphate solution were mixed to obtain violet to pink. 5.2.1.7. Salkowski test This test is subjected to identification of steroids. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 2 ml test solution, 2 ml chloroform and 2 ml conc. sulphuric acid were mixed and shaken well to obtain red colored chloroform layer and greenish yellow fluorescence in acid layer. 5.2.1.8. Baljet test This test is subjected to identification of glycosides. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 2ml test solution and 2 ml sodium picrate was mixed in test tube to obtain yellow to orange color. 5.2.1.9. Shinoda test This test is subjected to identification of flavonoids. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 3 ml test substance, 5 ml 95% ethanol, 2 drops of Conc. HCl and 0.5 g magnesium turnings were mixed to obtain pink color. 5.2.1.10. Wagners test This test is subjected to identification of alkaloids. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water and filtered. 3 ml test solution filtrate was mixed with 2 drops of Wagners reagent to obtain reddish brown precipitate. 5.2.1.11. Test with acetic acid solution This test is subjected to identification of alkaloids. 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance was prepared in distilled water. 2 ml test solution and acetic acid solution were mixed to obtain red color. 5.2.2. Physicochemical studies123 5.2.2.1. Viscosity 1% w/v solution of test substance was prepared in distilled water and 0.1 N HCl separately. Solutions were kept at 37 Â ± 2 Â °C for 6 hours. Viscosity of test solutions determined using Brookfield viscometer using spindle no. 3 at 50 rpm (Model No. DV-E). 5.2.2.2. pH determination124 1 % w/v dispersion of test substance in distilled water was prepared by shaking for 30 min and the pH determined using a pH meter (Elico). 5.2.2.3. Swelling Index88 Swelling index is the volume in ml occupied by 1 g of a drug, including any adhering mucilage, after it has swollen in an aqueous liquid for 4 hours. 1 g test substance (Fine powder) was placed in 25 ml ground glass stoppered measuring cylinder with graduations in 0.5 ml divisions. The test substance was moistened with 1.0 ml of 96% ethanol and 25 ml distilled water was added. Cylinder was closed using stopper. Cylinder was shaken every 10 min time interval for 1 hour and then was allowed to stand for 3 hours. Volume occupied by the test sample was determined in ml after decanting the supernatant clear liquid. Swelling index was calculated from average of three tests. Same experiment was performed using 25 ml 0.1 N hydrochloric acid instead of distilled water. Swelling index was calculated using following equation. Vt = Volume occupied by test substance after hydration, at time 3 hrs. V0 = Volume occupied by test substance before hydration, at time zero. 5.2.2.4. Bulk density123 Bulk Density was determined using Borosil 50 ml measuring cylinder. The volume of 5 gm mucilage powder was noted. Value of Bulk density was calculated by, 5.2.2.5. Tapped density123 Tapped Density was determined using Borosil 50 ml measuring cylinder. The volume of known weight 5gm was noted. The cylinder was given 250 taps on using tapped density apparatus. Value of Tapped density was calculated by 5.2.2.6. Carrs compressibility index123 Carrs compressibility index of AER mucilage powder was calculated from respective tapped density and bulk density by, 5.2.2.7. Loss on drying88 In flat bottom dish, 50 mm in diameter and 30 mm in height, 1 g fine powdered test substance dried in oven at 100-105 C for 3 hours. The test substance was allowed to cool in desiccator over diphosphorus pentoxide for 24 hours and weighed. Percentage loss on drying was calculated by following equation. Weight of empty dish = A g Weight of test substance taken = Y g Weight of dish containing test substance after drying and placing in desiccator = B g Weight of test substance after drying = (B A) g

How does the writer create tension and suspense in The Red Room? :: Free Essay Writer

How does the writer create tension and suspense in The Red Room? The writer is able to create tension and suspense through various ways in the short story ‘The Red Room’. The opening sentence in the story immediately mentions the supernatural, which immediately tells us that this is a gothic story. The first sentence is dialogue, but we do not know who is speaking. This creates tension as it is withholding information. This is the main technique used to create both tension and suspense through out this story. Throughout the whole story we are not given any names of the character, but are distinguished by a certain phrase ‘the man with a withered arm’ shows us that each of the characters mentioned in this story has a negative description. The negative description and the withholding information build up tension as we want to know more about these characters and who they are. Using negative words make out that the characters are evil or decrepit. The words used to describe these characters are withered, old decayed and pale. We are also not given a name of the narrator or what business he has at the castle. All we know is that he is sceptical about the ghosts that these people are telling him about. ‘That it will take a very tangible ghost to frighten me’, shows a conflict between the superstitious and the sceptical. This builds up tension as we know that in most gothic stories, the sceptical are usually the ones to get punished. The narrator is mocking these other characters, which builds suspense as we know that in the end it will be he that will be hurt. Another way in which the writer builds up tension and suspense is by writing the story in first person. This makes us feel emotionally drawn to the character. We feel what the narrator feels, and we only know what the narrator knows. Using first person also allows us to trust the narrator or to empathise with the character. The use of imagery or personification increases the suspense in the story, ‘Shadows cower’ is a very descriptive way of showing how frightening the mansion is. It sounds as if the shadows which are linked to darkness themselves are afraid of a greater evil. We wonder what this great evil could be that makes evil itself tremble. Another personification used is ‘candles writhing’. Candles are usually associated to gothic stories, as it is only small source of light within a vast darkness of the room. These personifications and imagery brings the house to life as it makes you feel and see things much

The Tragedies Of Shakespeare :: essays research papers

The Tragedies Of Shakespeare "Your noble son is mad — ‘Mad' call I it, for to define true madness, What is't but to be nothing else but mad?" (Wells and Taylor, 665) In Act two, scene two of William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, Polonius uses these words to inform Hamlet's parents of their son's insanity. He then continues on, telling Gertrude and Claudius that the cause of this madness is lovesickness over his own daughter Ophelia (665). From the privileged perspective of the audience, we know that Polonius is mistaken and that Hamlet is far from insane, but rather, "playing mad" for a purpose of his own. Madness in Shakespearean plays, and in tragedies in particular, is rarely what it seems on the surface. Instead, both madness and the characters experiencing it are layered with meaning; like an onion, layer after layer can be peeled off, eventually allowing a glimpse at the core concealed within. Shakespeare's treatment of the character Hamlet is typically multi- faceted and complex—Hamlet appears insane, ostensibly over Ophelia, however, his madness is feigned—a cover for internal conflicts, rooted not in thwarted affection, but rather in desire to avenge his father's murder. Hamlet even goes so far as to say his apparent madness is an act when he says "I am but mad north-north-west; when the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw"(667). Shakespeare often used madness, either feigned or actual, as a teaching tool or vehicle to advance his plot. Sometimes this madness was feigned, as evidenced by Hamlet and Edgar (the legitimate son of Gloucester in The Tragedy of King Lear), but other times it was genuine insanity. Ophelia and Lady MacBeth are obvious examples of Shakespearean characters that have slipped into madness—Ophelia due to the loss of all those dear to her, and Lady MacBeth from guilt over the part she played in King Duncan's murder. In Hamlet, Ophelia's madness ultimately leads to her demise, and this, in turn, plays a part in Hamlet's willingness to engage in what will be his final battle. In this sense, it helps advance the play towards its climax. While Lady MacBeth's madness also leads to death, its focus is more on teaching than propelling the story to conclusion. While Lady MacBeth is initially seen as a cold, conscienceless, calculating woman, intent on advancing her husband politically (by any means necessary), her character changes as the play progresses. Early on in the play, she is full of ambition; indeed, upon reading MacBeth's letter, she complains about his nature and inaction: Yet do I fear thy nature, It is too full o' th' milk of human kindness

Avila Auto Parts

a. The two methods of reporting in the parent company’s currency are different due to usage of different rates of exchange. Under the first method, the spot rates are to be used. Spot rates are the rates at which the transaction is carried out. This is normally a difficult approach and companies use the date on which the balance sheet and income statement is prepared. The spot is taken to be the rate of the balance sheet and other financial statements. The other method uses average rate of exchange of the period of reporting. In our case, using the two methods, we will have significant differences in the reported profits and losses. If we use the spot rate of balance sheet publication, the currency conversion factor will be 12000 pesos per dollar, whereas if we use average rate, the conversion will be done at 10,000 pesos per dollar. There will be a difference of 20 percent in the reporting. On the other hand, if the rate today has been less than the exchange rate at the beginning, the current reported figures would have been lower than those reported under first method. We should ideally use the method of spot rate at which payments are made. If it is not possible, the average rate would be better and consistent. Average can be taken for monthly figures or weekly rates to make it more accurate and representative of the realistic picture. As the income statement shows, the profits for the year were 25,000 million pesos in the local country. If it is translated to the parent company’s reporting currency using the spot rate of income statement, that is 12,000 pesos = $1, we will have net profits of $2,083,333. If we use the average rate of the period, that is (8,000+12,000)/2 = 10,000 pesos per $1, we will have net profits of $2,500,000 or $2. 5 million. Under both the methods of reporting the same profits/income of the company to its parent company, the profits are quite different simply due to the currency difference and exchange rate variation over the period. The difference in profits reported is more than $0. 4 million or roughly 20 percent which may change the decisions taken at headquarters. Taking into consideration the differences in the exchange rates and conversion risk, the company should decide on a measure to select the rate of exchange to use for its reporting during the entire life of the organization. They should consistently use whatever they have decided to use over their entire life. b. Functional currency is the one in which the operational cash is generated and is normally the currency of the country where the operations are going on. If the currency of the operating country is not stable, it can not be considered as functional currency. The stability of currency means that the rate of inflation over three year period should be less than 100 percent. As in the given case, the rate of inflation is 50 percent, (from 8,000 ps per dollar to 12,000 ps per dollar), the functional currency will be peso as the operational cash flows are generated in pesos and the inflation is within the limits. If the inflation over the past two years reaches 150 %, the functional currency will be changed to the reporting currency of the parent company, which in our case is dollar. . Economic exposure for Avila can be seen by the given conversion rates and their variability over such a short period of time. Economic exposure is the effect of foreign currency rate changes to the cash flows and other measures of operational performance. The exposure for any company is affected by the industry it is operating in and the stability of the currency of its operating country and the parent company. If there is excess demand of pesos, it will push th e rates of pesos higher and vice versa. If the rate gets higher, that is there will be less pesos in a dollar, the performance in the parent company’s report will be better than the situation when the exchange rate gets low. The two reporting methods will lead to significant differences in reported profits and losses to the parent company, from the operations in some other country. 3. Hedging can be a good option to protect the company against any unforeseen changes in the exchange rates. The company can make hedging I a number of ways to make itself protected against foreign exchange risk. Four positions are possible to provide such a protection using simple forward contracts and options. a. Long forward Under long forward position, the company at the operating country can take a long forward position to fix exchange rate (today) for a future date of transaction. Taking a long position means that the investor is agreeing to buy the underlying asset, at a specified price, agreed by both parties, on some future date. The contract has to be executed irrespective of what the conversion rate will be. Unlike options, none of the parties has the option to execute the contract or revoke it, but it is mandatory for both of them to carry it out. b. Short forward Short forward position can act equally well at the parent company’s location. The parent company at the parent country can go to short forward position so that it can sell dollars to pesos at a rate specified today. Using both the positions they can hedge the overall loss and can be certain about the expected gains. Options provide a type of insurance against any unforeseen changes in exchange rate. The buyer of call option and the seller of put option, both have the right to exercise the option or to waste it. The maximum loss in wasting the option is restricted to the price of the option. In this way, the company can set a floor to its loss and can gain as much as it can. c. Long Call Long call allows the parent company to buy a right to buy at a specified rate at some future point in time. If the rate increases, the company will have the option to buy at a lower rate than the market going rate, if it goes down, the loss will be restricted to the price of the option and the gains can be as much as the rate goes down. . Short Put Short Put will allow the company at the operating country to enter into a position to sell a right to sell at a set rate. The working for this will be exactly in the opposite manner as the long call position. 4. Financial architecture affects the overall cost for the company. If the inflation is high and the interest rates are high for a high risk firm , the cost of obtaining financing from banks and other Financial Institutions (FIs) will be high. Equity financing or market financing will require a higher rate of return, but the firm may shift the payments to some future period. As for bank financing or debt financing, it will have to make payments to the lending institution within the given timeframe. The firms may choose to go for a certain debt to equity ratio to gain advantage of optimal capital structure to optimize their costs of capital or WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital). 5. Euro currency is the use of currency in some other country. This in our case refers to storage, saving of pesos in the parent country where the currency in use is dollars. This will provide the company benefits in terms of advantage in domestic interest rate regulations and other barriers to free flow of cash. Firms participate in the euro currency markets to gain the benefits from exchange rate inefficiencies and under or over valuation of some currencies. If the investments are in the parent company’s currency and the operations are in the local currency of country where operations are being carried out, the exchange rate plays a vital role when calculating returns on investments for the company’s investments and funding by the parent company. If the domestic currency rises in operating country, the rate of return required should be higher than normal to overcome the exchange differences and vice versa. To overcome this difference and the problems due to fluctuating exchange rates, companies enter euro-currency markets where they can keep their money in parent company’s currency and convert it to functional currency as and when needed. This provides them the opportunity to maintain the required base in terms of parent company’s currency. 6. Other alternatives to run a firm’s fund-flow mechanism are to use various swaps in the form of interest rate swaps or foreign currency swaps. MNCs can go for unbundling of their costs at headquarters to affiliate companies of subsidiaries. In this way they can divide their costs to subsidiaries. Multinationals can go for transfer pricing mechanisms to avoid taxes on their overall operations. This can be done by pricing their internally traded goods for the purpose of moving profits to low tax nations. This will provide them an overall higher profitability. Companies can also create re-invoicing centers to avoid exchange rate fluctuations. The invoice currency will be the one used rather than the operating currency. This will reduce their exposure to currency and exchange rate risk. This will increase communication costs and to some extent create an overhead whereby the overall time delays and costs will be increased. MNCs can also transfer funds to their parent companies as dividends if the local conditions and regulatory framework is favorable. The major benefits of using different mechanisms can be obtained because of differences in the tax mechanisms and tax systems in different countries. Firms, by simply moving their profits from high tax region to a low tax region can save on their overall taxes provided the costs of moving are not high enough to make it unprofitable.