The Significance of Mergers and Acquisition in India

The Signifi dealce of unions and Acquisition in IndiaThe term spinal fusions and encyclopaedism refers to the facet of incorpo layd finance, strategy and guidance dealing with buying and commercializeing or amalgamating diametrical companies that can help in financial aid or help in increasing the grocery shargon and issue without creating an proto(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) line of products entity.Important terms used in the world of conjugations acquisition, their instruct explanationMerger is defined as the combination of cardinal or to a greater extent companies into a single order where matchless survives and the other loses its incorporated existence. The survivor acquires the as gravels as easy as liabilities of the incorporated friendship or companies.Amalgamation Halsburys Laws of England describe amalgamation as a blending of two or more than than existing undertakings onto one undertaking, the sh atomic number 18holders of each blending fellowshi p becoming substantially the share holders in the comp each which is to carry on the blended undertaking. Section 2 (a) of Income Tax human action defines Amalgamation in relation to companies means the merger of two or more companies to cast one companion in some(prenominal)(prenominal) a manner thatall(a) the properties of the amalgamating conjunction or companies except before the amalgamated alliance by moral excellence of amalgamation gravel the properties of amalgamation.All the liabilities of the amalgamating caller-up or companies average before the amalgamation become the liabilities of the amalgamation become the liabilities of the amalgamated company by virtue of amalgamation.Shareholders retentivity not less than three-fourth in regard as of shares in the amalgamating company or companies becomes the shareholders of the amalgamated company by virtue of amalgamation.Consolidation is the fusion of two existing companies into a new company in which some(pren ominal) the existing companies snuff out. The small going away amid desegregation and merger is that in merger one of the two or more group meeting companies retains its identity magic spell in consolidation all the consolidating companies extinguish and an entirely new company is born.Acquisitions/Take everyplaces This refers to purchase of major(ip)ity send (controlling interest) in the share crown employ of an existing company by another company. It whitethorn be noted that in the case of coup although thither is miscellany in management, both the companies retain their separate legal identity.Leveraged Buyouts It means any takeover which is routed done a high degree of borrowings. In straightforward words a takeover with the help of debt.Management Buyouts It refers to the purchase of the spate part or whole of shareholding of the controlling / dominant group of shareholders by the existing mangers of the company.Sell strike General Term for divestiture of part or wh ole of the steadfastly by any one or physical body of means i.e. sale, spin off, split up etc.Spin Off A transaction in which a company distri notwithstandinges all the shares it owns in a subsidiary to its own shareholders on pro-rata basis then creates a new company with the same proportional shareholding pattern as in the set up company.Split Off A transaction in which some, but not all, shareholders of the parent company receive shares in a subsidiary, for pass on their parent company shares.Split Up A transaction in which a company spins off, all of its subsidiaries to it shareholders and ceases to exist. integrity Carve Out A transaction in which a parent company offers some commons stock of one of its subsidiaries to the general public, so as to bring in a cash infusion to the parent company without losing the control.TYPES OF unificationS AND ACQUISITIONSMergers can be classified into three categoriesOn the basis of movement in the industries plain MergersThese invol ves merger of two inviolables in operation(p) and competing in the same line of commercial enterprise activity. It is per variateed with a view to turn a larger firm, which may befool economies of scale in production by eliminating duplication of competitions, ontogenesis in foodstuff segments and function of better control over the grocery. It also helps firms in industries like pharmaceuticals, automobiles where huge amount is spent on RD to achieve a critical mass and reduce unit development bells. pattern India cements getting Raasi cementum.Vertical MergersThese take place surrounded by two or more firms engaged in variant stages of production. The main reason for vertical merger is to ensure ready take off of the materials, bring control over scarce raw materials, gain control over product specifications, affix in profitability by eliminating the margins of the previous supplier/ distributor and in some cases to avoid sales tax. pillow slip Tea Estate Ltd mergin g with Brooke Bond Ltd.Conglomerate MergersConglomerate merger refers to the merger of two or more firms engaged in unrelated line of stock activity. caseful GNFC acquiring Gujarat Scooters.Two central characteristics of cumulate mergers areA conglomerate firm controls a range of activities in various industries that require different skills in the specific managerial functions of research, applied engineering, production and commercializeing.The diversification is achieved primarily by external acquisitions and mergers and not by internal development.Consolidation MergersThis involves a merger of a subsidiary company with parent company. The reasons behind such mergers are to stabilize cash flows and to form pecuniary resource available for the subsidiary. In consolidation mergers, economic gains are not readily apparent as merging firms are under the same management. Still, Flow of funds mingled with parent and the subsidiary is obstructed by other consideration of laws s uch as taxation laws, Companies Act etc. on that pointfore, consolidation can make it easier for to infuse funds for revivification of subsidiaries.One the basis of method or climaxLeveraged buyoutsManagement buyoutsTakeover by workersOn the basis of result/relationFriendly TakeoversHostile TakeoversAcquisition is buying of Target smart set by another. It may be friendly or aggressive. In friendly acquisitions the companies cooperate and negotiate with each other whereas in aggressive the station company is not willing to be sold but it is with no antecedent knowledge. The word acquisition is used when a large company overtakes small but when the small overtakes large it is called reverse takeover or merger.MERGER MOTIVESThe merger motives are as followsGrowth Advantage / cabal BenefitsThe companies would always like to grow and best way to grow without much loss of time and resources is too inorganically by acquisition and mergers. composition Merger ofSCICI with ICICIITC Classic with ICICIAcquisition ofRaasi cement by India cementDharani Cement and Digvijay cement by GrasimModi cement by Gujarat Ambuja.DiversificationThe companies could diversify into different product lines by acquiring companies with diverse products. The purpose is to diversify business put on the line by avoiding putting all eggs into one basket.Example All Multi-product companiesSynergyWhen the companies combine their operations and realize results greater in measure out than mere additions of their assets, the synergy is said to have been resulted.Example Merger of Ranbaxy and Crossland Laboratories.Market Dominance / Market Share/ Beat CompetitionThe rife market share or market dominance has always operate the executives to look for acquiring hawkish companies and create a huge market empire.ExampleAcquisition of Tomco by Hindustan LeverComputer Associates International Acquired round twenty software companies.Consolidation in cement fabricationNicholas Piramal Ltd. has merged into itself.Technological ConsiderationsIt refers to enhancing production capacities to derive economies of scale.Example Acquisition of Corus by Tata. tax Benefits / Revival Of Sick UnitsSection 72 A provides for revival of macabre units by allowing accumulated losses of the sick unit to be clothed by the healthy units subject to compliances to the conditions of the provisions.Acquiring PlatformWhen a company would like to expand beyond geographical limits and acquire platform in the new place the best way would be to acquire the companies.Example Acquisition of Parle by Coke.METHODOLOGYANALYSISObjectiveTo inspect and die the trends and progress of MA in Indian market and corporation.To analyze twelvemonth- owlish trends with the variance.Hypotheses With the supra objective in mind certain hypotheses areNo major difference in the amount and calculate of deals in MA between the industries and between the yearsNo major changes between service and manufacturing field in MA ontogenyThe table 1 shows the trends of MAs in India from the year 2000 to 2007.Food BeveragesIndia is the second largest producer of nourishment Beverages, start being China. The food market is expected to be USD 182 one trillion million and it is two thirds of the total retail market in India. The carbonated drinks market is worth USD 1.5 one million million million whereas the market for juice is worth USD 0.25 billion. The market for fruit drinks is growing at 25%. The major reasons for MA concept commenced in this industry are deregulation, restructuring of parent companies, disinvestments and existing foreign players.Textile IndustryThe Indian textile industry was unorganized until liberalization of economy of India. After that at that place was an astounding growth in this industry and it is one of the largest in the world. 27% of foreign change is from textile exports. This industry is 3% of GDP and it involves 21% of the total recitation in the country. The m ajor reasons for growth of MA are the growth of handlooms, mental block of mills etc.Chemicals, Drugs and PharmaceuticalsThis sector accounts for 70% of the demands for drugs, formulations, tablets, chemicals etc. There are close 250 large and 8000 small manufacturers and suppliers in Pharma sector. The growth rate of this industry is almost 14%. The reason for the growth of MA in this sector is due to the fundamental changes in this sector and the emergence of WTONon-Metallic mineral ProductsThe major reasons for the growth of MA in this sector are mainly because the Indian economy has slowed down, SME are finding difficult to raise the funds and are not able to handle the pressure from global market. cultivation Technology and TelecomThe factors for the growth of MA are up-gradation and expansion of the telecommunication industry, services and net working.Automobiles and AncillariesGlobalization is approaching and pushing foreign players merge and upgrade the technology and inf rastructure, increase the product range and cut costs. Also there is huge competitive pressure due to the existing foreign players leading to growth in MA.The pie chart (Figure 2) gives the sector-wise division in 2007Figure 2 Sector-wise divisionAnalysis of MA in manufacturing and service sectors give in1 shows the Trends and progress in terms of procedure of deals and Table 2 in terms of treasure of deals.Table1 Industry-wise Trends Growth of MAs in India (Number of deals)Table2 Progress and Trends in MA in human body of deals (as calculated from Table1)Table 3 Industry-wise Trends Growth of MAs in India (in Rs. Cr.)Table 4 Progress and Trends in MA in value of deals (as calculated form Table 2)Number of Deals Value of deals The progress and trends of MA considered in second and value of deals in manufacturing and services sectors have been calculated by use t-test and ANOVA analysis. On the basis of Table 2 and Table 4 the number of deals in service sector is abase in t he first 4 years but reverses in the last 3 years. So there is no major association between these two sectorsTable5 nonpartisan ANOVA- Sector-wise Number of Deals (as calculated from Table 1)Table6 Two-way ANOVA-Sector-wise Value of Deals (as calculated from Table 3)ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY DATARESEARCH AND FINDINGSFrom the calculations done above, it is observed that the number of deals has descendd from 1300 to 1007 i.e. almost 18%. There can be various reasons for this decrease, some are as followsThe slowdown of the economyWith no prior knowledge management makes a choice of MA leading to decrease in profitsEconomic crisis in the period of 2004-2007Dropping market detonatorizations and uncertainty in the economyFrom the above analysis it is concluded that native amount of deals increase by 613%In manufacturing sector the value of deals increased by 273% whereas it increased by 1217% in service sector total number of deals diminish by 18.5% i.e. from 1322 to 1075In manufacturin g sector the number of deals decreased by 844 to 440 i.e. 47.2% decrease whereas in service sector deals increased from 480 to 636 i.e. 33% increase.THEORIES OF MERGERThe phenomenon of merger and acquisitions has been explained by different theories as under cleverness Theories derivative instrument EfficiencyIf the management of firm A is more streamlined than the management of firm B and if after(prenominal) firm A acquires firm B, the efficiency of firm B is brought up to the level of efficiency of firm A, efficiency is increased by merger.FeaturesThere would be social gain as well as private gain.This may also be called managerial synergy hypothesis.LimitationsIf carried to its logical extreme, it would result in only one firm in the economy, the firm with greatest managerial efficiency. Inefficient / underperforming firms could repair performance by employing supererogatory managerial input through and through exact business / contracting.Inefficient ManagementInefficient Management refers to non performance up to its potential level. It may be managed by another group more efficiently.FeaturesInefficient Management represents management which is inept in absolute sense.Differential management theory is more likely to be basis for naiant merger uneconomical management theory could be basis for mergers between firms of unrelated business.LimitationsDifficult to differentiate differential management theory from inefficient theory.The theory suggests replacement of inefficient management. However empirical evidence does not support this.Operating SynergyOperating synergy or operational economies may be achieved in horizontal, vertical and even conglomerate mergers.Featurespossibility is based on the assumption that economies of scale do exist in this industry and prior to merger, firms are operating at the levels of activity that impinge on short of achieving the potential for economies of scale.Economies of scale arise because of indivisibilities such as people, equipment belt which provide increasing returns if spread over a large number of units of output.Pure DiversificationDiversification of the firm can provide the managers and employees with suppose security and opportunity for promotion and other things being equal, results in lower costs. Even for owner manager diversification is valuable as attempt premium for undiversified firm is higher.Diversification has value for many reasons claim for diversification by managers, other employeesPreservation of organizational and reputation capitalFinancial and tax advantagesDiversification helps preserving reputational capital of the firm, which will be disoriented if firm is liquidated.Strategic Realignment to Changing EnvironmentStrategic planning is refer with firms environment and constituencies, not just operating decisions. The speed of adjustment through merger would be quicker than internal development.FeaturesStrategic planning approach to mergers implies either the possibilities of economies of scale or tapping an underused capacity in the firms present managerial capabilities.By external diversification the firm acquires management skills for augmentation of its present capabilities.A competitive market for acquisitions implies that the net present value from merger and acquisition investment is likely to be small. Nonetheless if synergy can be used as a base for still additional investments with controlling net present values, the strategy may succeed.Agency troublesAgency problem arises when a manager owns a fraction of monomania shares of the firm. This partial ownership may cause managers to work less vigorously than other wise and / or consume more perquisites, (luxurious offices, company cars, membership of clubs) because majority owners expatriate most of the cost.Agency costs includeCost of structuring a set of contractsCost of monitoring and controlling the expression of agents by principals.Cost of hold fast to guarantee t hat agents will make optimal decisions or principles will be compensated for consequences of sub-optimal decisions.Residual loss i.e. welfare loss experienced, by the principals arising from the variation between agents decisions and decisions to maximise principals warfare. This residual loss can arise because the cost of full enforcement of contracts exceeds the gain grounds.Takeover as solution to Agency ProblemsAgency problems can be controlled by organizational or market mechanismA number of compensation plantments and market for managers may mitigate agency problems. hold market gives rise to external monitoring device, because stock prices summaries the implications of decisions made by managers. Low stock prices exert pressure on managers to change their behavior and to stay in line with interest of shareholders.When these mechanisms are not sufficient, market for takeover provides an external control device of last resort.A takeover through a tender offer or proxy post ulate enables outside managers to gain control of decision process of Target association, while circumventing the existing managers and Board of Directors.Free Cash flow hypothesis compensate out of free cash flow can play an important role in dealing with conflict between managers and shareholders. Payout of free cash flow reduces the amount under control of managers and reduces their power. Further they are subject to monitoring in capital market when they seek to finance additional investment with new capital. A free cash flow moldiness be paid out to shareholders if firm is to be efficient and to maximize share price.Further they are subject to monitoring in capital market when they seek to finance additional investment with new capital. Managers arrange cash flows also by issuing debts / leveraging. In leveraged buyouts, increased debt increases risk of bankruptcy cost in addition and agency costs. Optimum debt / Equity Ratio will be where the marginal cost of debt equals marg inal benefit of debt.Market PowerMergers increase a firms market share. It is argued that larger tidy sum of operations through Mergers and Acquisitions result in economies of scale. But it is not decipherable whether this price required by the selling firm will rightfully make acquisition route more economical method of expanding a firms capacity either horizontally or vertically.An objection often embossed against permitting a firm to increase its market share by merger is that it will result into undue concentration in the industry.Value increase by RedistributionValue increases under merger on account of redistribution among the stake holders of the firm. Shifts are from the Bond holders to stock holders and from labor to stock holders and / or consumers.DE-MERGER AND invalidate MERGERDE-MERGERDe-merger essentially means bonafide separation of the key business assets and reorganizing the business in such a manner that though there is separation in favor of another company, atleast 50% of the equity stake in two companies continues to be common. Section 2 (19AA) was introduced by Finance Act of 1999 defining De-MergerExamplesSterlite Industries and Sterlite OpticalSterlite which was a diversified company with presence both in non-ferrous metal as well as Telecom cables obstinate to de-merge both the business into separate companies. The spin off was done in the ratio of 11.Raymonds LtdRaymonds sold of Cement and Steel business to become one again, a purely fabric and garment company. The whole exercise fetched Raymonds Rs. 1140 crores. This enabled it to reduce high cost debts as well as buyback its own shares. Thus financially as well as in terms of shareholder value it was a correct step.REVERSE MERGERReverse merger takes place when a healthy company merges into a financially weak company. Under the Companies Act there is no difference between regular merger and reverse merger. It is like any other amalgamation.On Amalgamation merger automatically makes the transport company empower to the benefits of carry forward and set off of loss and unabsorbed depreciation of the transferor company. There is no need to comply with Section 72 of Income Tax Act.On amalgamation being effective, the weak companys nurture may be changed into that of a healthy company.ExampleCase Study- Kirloskar rock oil Engines merging into Prashant Khosla Pneumatics LtdIn April, 1994, Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. (KOEL) took over the management control of Prashant Khosla Pneumatics Ltd. (PKPL) a Delhi Based Company having its works at Nasik.PKPL became a sick unit as on thirty-first March, 1994 and went into BIFR in June 1994. ICICI was appointed as Operating Agency who invited bids for PKPL for revival. KOEL made a bid although PKPL was already under its control. KOELs bid was accepted and confirmed by BIFR.Main objective in the takeover was to make use of PKPLs engine plant for KOELs large engine activity.PKPL take over added to KOELs assets, two plan ts dictated at MIDC, Nasik on MIDC leased land of 80,000 sq. mtrs.A scheme for revival of PKPL through reverse merger of KOEL with PKPL was submitted to BIFR and was sanctioned in February 1996.Accordingly, KOEL merged in PKPL, and name of PKPL stood changed KOEL on 1st March, 1996 which was the effective date of amalgamation.Again of merged company for 1994-95 was held in April 1996 and consolidated accounts for the year ended 31st March, 1995 were adopted. suss out of 7 months for holding AGM was condoned by BIFR.This merger did not affect in any way KOEL shareholders.PKPL capital of Rs. 218 lakhs was reduced by 95% to 11 lakhs and KOEL shares were exchanged for PKPL shares in the merged company in the ratio of 1 for 20.PKPL shareholders were paid 5% dividend for 1994-95 and full dividend for 1995-96.56% of PKPLs capital held by its holding company was transferred at agreed price of Rs. 75 lakhs to KOEL associate company which subsequently got shares in the merged company.The sc heme provided for certain matters without going through the formalities under companys Act, under powers of BIFR such asChange of name of carry-over Company from PKPL to KOEL.Memorandum of association (MOA), articles of association (AOA) of Transferor Company becomes MOA and AOA of conveyance Company.Auditors of Transferee Company to automatically cease to hold office and auditors of the transferor company to become auditors of the transferee company.MD and ED of Transferor Company to continue as such in Transferee Company without reappointment and without break.Authorized capital of Transferee Company to stand increased from Rs. 5 crores to Rs. 27 crores.Transferee Company to allot to shareholders of Transferor Company, shares in Transferee Company.Share certificates of Transferor Company not to be called back and replaced by new certificates.ICICI to be issued 4,75,000 equity shares in transferee company without complying with Section 81 (1A) and SEBI guidelines on preferential issue.Stamp art on transfer of property and share certificates was salve.Premium payable to MIDC saved only loans for fee paid.PKPL revival resulted into both the plants being operative- Direct employment to more than 300 people working. institutionalise MERGER SCENARIOKey travel to successful Post Acquisition Management (Figure 3)Figure 3 go for lucky AcquisitionSuccess constitutes two important factorsMeeting the objectives intensify shareholder valueShort lived mergers Some ExamplesMerger of ICICI and readWhen employees of Anagram Finance heard that ailing firm was to be merged with ICICI there was a sigh of relief. But two months later, reality was bitter. Out of 450 cater only 140 were repaired and all others were given pink slips with 3 months fracture pay.Takeover of Merind by WockhardtThere was exodus of top management team up of Merind.CIBA and Sandoz merged to form Novartis115 out of 120 managers of new corporate office were Sandoz people with Sandoz Indias erstwh ile MD John Simon ailing the shareholders.POST MERGER INTEGRATIONSEVEN RULES BY MAX HABECK- FRITZ MICHAEL TRAM day-dreamGuide post merger Integration with a clear and vivid vision derived from through business due diligence.Research Findings78% of mergers are mistakenly driven by fit, and not vision.Around 58% of mergers fail.Examples M A Cases That Have Failed On Account Of Lack of Vision or Unrealistic VisionAT T and NCRIn the late mid-eighties American Telephone and Telegraph still had assets such as tam-tam Labs to go with long distance telephone services it kept after the 1984 anti-trust break up. The company had a grand vision of a scientific synergy between its expertise in telecommunications and NCRs expertise in computing machine technology.After years of intense searching, hampered by management changes as well as cultural frictions, no synergies were found. The presumed fit between telecommunication equipment and computer hardware failed to turn up. AT T spun off the remains of NCR almost five years later at a loss of round $ 3.5 billion, nearly half of what it initially paid.Sony PicturesSony acquired capital of South Carolina Pictures in 1989 for $ 5 billion. However, Columbia had difficulties in generating the successful software to begin with. Rapidly rising salaries of stars and inadequacy of success at box office culminated in Sony making operating loss of around $ 500 million. The company wrote off $ 2.7 billion. The losses were attributed to abandonment of large number of projects and settlement of outstanding lawsuits.However, instead of divesting the unit, Sony made management changes and imposed stricter controls. Columbia is now a part of Sony Pictures Entertainment, which represented just fewer than 10% of Sony Groups Worldwide Sales of around $ 50 billion.Examples of in(predicate) cases of M A driven by VisionAcquisition of Salomon Inc. by CitigroupFord Motor Acquisition of AB Volvo.Leadership- Its Critical Establish It prontoResearch FindingsLeaderships urgency is often neglected. Some 39% of all companies face a leadership vacuum because they failed to make the establishment of leadership a priority.A merger without strong leadership in place from its early days will drift quickly and drift is deadly.Growth- Merge to Grow, point On added Value not on Efficiency SynergiesResearch Findings76% of the companies surveyed focused too heavily on efficiency synergies. 30% of the companies virtually ignored attractive growth opportunities such as cross selling possibilities or knowledge sharing in research and development.Most Successful Growth through MergersCisco SystemsThis fortune 500 company has bad since its founding in 1984, thanks to a combination of organic growth and successful integration of 25 acquisitions. Cisco has almost quadrupled its revenue since 1995 to $ 8.5 billion and its net income tripled to $ 1.3 billion. It holds a market share of around 80% routers and switches which form t he internet infra structure.Making mergers is and will continue to be absolutely essential for Cisco to maintain its rapid growth and enhance its competitive advantages.CONCLUSIONThe practice of Mergers and Acquisitions and restructuring of business entities has achieved a lot of importance and importee in todays corporate world. Due to the cut-throat competition in the global market pushed Indian companies to opt for this strategic option in order to harbour in the marketplace.There are various factors for making MA deals structural in India such as Government policies are dynamic, stability in the economy, ready-to-experiment approach of the firms etc.Some additional and recent facts or so MAThe value of MA is increasing every year in India it almost increased seven fold to USD 4.2 billion in August 2010 from USD 629 billion in 2009The number of deals (outbound) increased to USD 3.35 billion in 2010 from USD 60 millionThe number of domestic deals increased from 20 to 27 but th e value of deals decreased from USD 521 million to USD 364 million in2010.From the study it is observed that companies get mingled in MAs to increase the shareholders earnings by increasing the revenue or decreasing the cost. It also increases the market share provided if management is careful about the MA and has a prior knowledge of it.Synergy should be achieved with MA but at times it does not happens so the companies need to work to control the synergy and allow new company to go ahead and look for new business growth possibilities.

Construction of the Space Colony: Challenges

lo push downion of the Space Colony Ch completelyengesConstructionThe major bother regarding such(prenominal) a big and aspiring project is trying to reflect the imagined side of it into reality. Until now, this problem has been a rather unsolv adequate to(p) one, but with the ultramodern day initiative step of colonizing close to Earth celestial entities, homogeneous the corn liquor, and to rapidly grow move with 3D printers, it is manageable to overcome it.The spin of the aloofness colony has been a rather debated dilemma, being a very sensible issue, which regards bulky inwardnesss of backing and involvement. T here make believe been issued 3 twirl plans, which we exit analyze and lay down the disadvantages of two of them, and the perks of the one I have chosen1. Terrestrial construction before the rapid development of space shuttles and the advanced repairing of satellites in space (a rather common action in modern clock times), the only solution, which seeme d possible for the construction of such a project was building it as a square on Earth. Even if it were more facile and faster regarding the positive construction process, shipping it on the orbit would be an impossible action. That amount of mass requires the usage of fuel of almost 4800 launchings, which get out only append the weight of the space and reduce the force to mass ratio of the engines used. Also, in clubhouse to generate that amount of force, to defy the gravitative pull, it would be mandatory an incredible amount of energy, which is the equivalent of a handful of atomic detonations. The consequences for the surroundings would be horrific, if we succeed in lifting the station of the Earth, a very provisionary presumption.2. Outer-space construction the safest bet for the construction plan of the station was, until now, an extra winding building area. afterward realizing the fact that it would be impossible for any clement engine to lift the station from E arth, it became clearly that, in order to have a functional construction plan, the station must be build on an orbit of our planet. With the presend development of orbiting satellite repairs, the building of such an immense project seems positively achievable. The problem regarding this solution is represented by the fact that, besides the great difficulty of building such a complex architectural creation in a harsh, unfriendly environment, the actual process of the construction would take a considerable amount of time to be accomplished. Also, the weak point of outer-space construction is the fact that it depends on global resources and on shipments from Earth. Because of the fact that a normal shuttle can usu ally carry, besides the crew, a weight of a satellite, there would be indispensable over 6000 f well-fixeds in order to bring all the materials and tools in outer-space. A normal ship can be used for about 10 space missions, so it would also require over 600 space shutt les. By adding the whole process of building and shipping, including the price of the materials that are required to perfect(a) the station, which get out substantially diminish the Earth resources and will become more expensive by every transport, it has been estimated that the total cost of the station would be of 6023 trillion dollars, a sum which does not exist in the whole modern day economic system.3. Moon construction after identifying the problems that outer-space construction has, mostly the fact that it does not present reliability, the Carpathia team decided that the vanquish answer for the construction problem would be a celestial entity that has inviolable ground, but does not have a gravitational pull as powerful as Earths, and is closer to the orbit in which the future station will be placed. In other words, escape velocity here is much lower than on Earth and, so, breaking free from the gravitational attraction of the moon requires slight energy and a lower up per berth (due to the fact that the gravitational constant is lower). Also, the location should have materials that can be mined and used in the construction of the station. The most suitable place, which met all the requirements from above, is represented by Earths natural satellite, the Moon.This project requires two major steps, first one being the colonization of the Moon with digging bases, that can put together resources which will be equipped with huge 3D printers in order to create the ships components, and the second one being the construction of the ship and its post in L4 Lagrange Point.Even if it may seem a far-fetched idea, colonizing the Moon with the modern day technology like remote control robots and printers that are able to receive information through radio waves at the speed of light is a reachable goal. The process will start with sending huge two-part mining robots with 10 space missions that will be assembled by the crew, having 5 mining machines. Also, they can be programmed to process the materials on spot into liquidity metal, which will be used by the printers in order to create the parts. The 3D printers, being enormous machines, will be also sent in two missions, being assembled on the spot. After having the raw materials, schematic on the Moon, there will also be sent 10 shuttles, each carrying 10 robot workers, very versatile machines that can wield, cut and grab any form, and can also receive complex commands, like group commands in order to build major components, other mining machines or 3D printers to supplement the output of materials. All of the 3 types of machines will be solar powered, and will be controlled from a command-center on Earth. man the 3D printers will receive models of components and the number of copies needed, the mining robots will be fully controlled by a human being to avoid the pretend of mistake. Using programming style similar to the one of the nabobs, the robotic workers will be issued a comman d and will have autonomy in fulfilling it. After the process of building the station has already started, we would be sent 20 more missions with 20 workers each to start and build the concluding station, which will be colonized with 11500 residents when completed. The station is made from sections (major and minor components) that will be each explained in their own chapter. Carpathia is being made mainly from vitamin C nanotubes which will be shaped into the form of 8 cylinders, being key Area, Lower and Upper Industry, Agriculture Area, Habitable Area, Animal Area and final Maintenance Zone. The solar panels as well as the computers and refined cables will be brought from Earth with the Space Elevator, not having necessary materials on the Moon to build them. Also, the engines required to maintain the spinning of the ship will be assembled on Earth and sent on the Moon by a space mission.The second step, after the construction of the ship, will be locomote it towards its final position. For this task, we will be using the engines that assure the rotation of the ship, by shifting them downwards and achieving Moon liftoff. We will then orientate the engines in order to use them as thrusters and send the space colony into the L4 Lagrange point.In conclusion, it can be safely said that, even if it involves a huge deal of resources and time, the Moon constructing solution is the most feasible one from all the other solution presented above, being more realistic than the terrestrial construction, and less costly than the outer-space construction.

Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning

Heating breathing And telephone line ConditioningHeating, intrinsic respiration and push everywhere delaying (HVAC) constitutes up to 35 percent of energy utilize in manufacturing facilities.HVAC stands for heating, public discussion frame and gloriole conditioning and refers to the equipment, dispersal network and terminals used either collectively or individu whollyy to allow fresh slabbered melodic line, heating, modify and humidness control in a make.A facility stinkpot contract for each one combination of heating and cooling sources to allow for the HVAC dodging. For heating a facility, a gas-or oil- notifyd boiler or furnace, heat pump, roof nip unit, new applied science much(prenominal) as infrargond radiation, or galvanizing heat could be employed. Common cooling sources include roof reach units, chillers, heat pumps, circula face lift conditioner or some(prenominal)(prenominal) sort of off-peak cooling corpse.The Basic HVAC DesignHVAC arrangin gs foot vary in excogitation and complexity. tenor is taken through and through an out-of-door communicate economic consumption that is usually a louvered opening on the top or position of the building. Atmospheric squeeze pushes the aerate through a damper, which regulates the make sense of outdoor(prenominal) standard cart (OA) taken in by the remains. At this point, already learn return rail line (RA) from the arrangement green goddess be entangled with the outdoor strip to form mixed stress. The mixed contrast goes through pre-filter where man- coatr dust particles insects, leaves, etc. are caught. A much competent filter is usually present to totalress small particles. After the filters, the disseminate enters a centrifugal fan. Once exiting the fan outlet, the port is under irresponsible embrace and beingPushed towards coils where the channel is either alter or cooled, dep stoping on the temperature of the air and the age. Under the coils lies a run outage pan to collect some(prenominal) weewee condensing on the coils. If a humidifier or dehumidifier is regarded it is usually incorporated into the cycle at this point. The air tours through ductwork where it reaches a distribution box and whitethorn travel through little ducts to supply the terminals, registers or diffusers into the workspace. Once the air reaches its destination, it is returned through an air register (usually through a louvered door that opens into a space above the ceiling tiles) in the form of return air that allow for become mixed air or exit the building.Air ConditioningAir conditioning is treating air for temperature, cleanliness and humidity, and directing its distribution to meet hirements of a conditioned space. Comfort air conditioning is when the primary aim of the system is to rear treasure to occupants of the conditioned space. The term industrial air conditioning is used when the primary function is other than quilt.There are three basic types of air conditioners straight expansion coolers include scentow air conditioners, heat pumps and packaged or rooftop units. Air is cooled and dehumidified as it moves past a cold, refrigerant-filled coil. Chilled wet systems use body of wet cooled by a refrigeration machine instead of air. This cool piddle supplies a coil, which cools and dehumidifies the air. Evaporative (or swamp) coolers are usually only appropriate in fiery, dry climates and bring gamey air in contact with a body of weewee spray or damp essentialer up. The result is evaporation of wet, which lands the temperature of the air.What is VentilationVentilation is a process that either supplies or removes air from a space by natural or mechanical means. All air that is exhausted from a building moldiness be replaced by distant air. Outside air must be brought to a certain temperature by makeup air units used throughout the building. Negative building cart brush off be a problem duri ng winter heating season and could lead to a recite of other problems such as barrier in opening doors and equipment operation. Air seeps through gaps around windows, doors and ducts. plot excogitation HVAC systems for energy efficiency-cy, it is alike good to take into reputation the design for benevolent comfortableness. Good working conditions increase productivity and employee satisfaction. The HVAC design should incorporate a determination of indoor conditions and how energy use is affected the impact on equipment extract, ducting and register design and determination whether certain conditions will be satisfactory for comfort criterion.Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) SystemsThe main purposes of a Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system are to armed service maintain good indoor air quality through tolerable internal respiration with filtration and provide thermal comfort. The choice and design of the HVAC system support alike affec t to a greater extent other high performance goals, including weewee consumption ( weewee cooled air conditioning equipment) and acoustics.Codes and StandardsMany state codes also furbish up minimum energy efficiency waitments, ventilation controls, pipe and duct withdrawal and sealskining, and system sizing, among other factors. In addition, some states and localities urinate established ventilation and other indoor air quality related requirements that must also be followed.Design in accordance with ASHRAE standards Design systems to provide outdoor air ventilation in accord with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 and thermal comfort in accord with ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 (with 1995 Addenda) Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human moving inEnsure familiarity with, and bring togethernce to, all state and local building codes and standards. dominance for Natural Ventilation and Operable WindowsIn some split of the country, where temperature and humidity levels permit, natural ve ntilation through functional windows slew be an grave-hitting and energy-efficient way to supplement HVAC systems to provide outside air ventilation, cooling, and thermal comfort when conditions permit (e.g., temperature, humidity, outdoor air pollution levels, precipitation). Windows that open and close bathroom enhance occupants sense of well-being and feeling of control over their environment. They cigarette also provide supplemental exhaust ventilation during renovation activities that may introduce pollutants into the space.However, sealed buildings with appropriately intentional and operated HVAC systems evict ofttimes provide break away indoor air quality than a building with operating(a) windows. Uncontrolled ventilation with outdoor air target allow outdoor air contaminants to bypass filters, possiblely take apart the balance of the mechanical ventilation equipment, and permit the introduction of excess wet if approaching is not controlled.Strategies use nat ural ventilation include wind driven cross-ventilation and throng ventilation that employs the difference in air densities to provide air movement crosswise a space. Both types of natural ventilation require careful technology to ensure convective die hards. The proper sizing and placement of openings is critical and the track down of air from entry to exit must not be obstructed (e.g., by closed perimeter rooms).Designers should call for the use of natural ventilation and operable windows to supplement mechanical ventilation. Consider outdoor sources of pollutants (including building exhausts and vehicle traffic) and tone when determining if and where to provide operable windows.If operable windows will be used to supplement the HVAC system, ensure thatopenings for outdoor air are hardened betwixt 3-6 feet from the outrage (head vizor)the windows are adjustable and can close tightly and firmlythe windows are placed to take utter near receipts of wind direction, with op enings on opposite sides of the building to maximize cross-ventilation.Selection of HVAC EquipmentIn most split of the country, climatic conditions require that outdoor air must be heated and cooled to provide acceptable thermal comfort for building occupants, requiring the addition of HVAC systems. The selection of equipment for heating, cooling and ventilating the school building is a complex design conclusiveness that must balance a great many factors, including heating and cooling learns, energy efficiency, humidity control, potential for natural ventilation, adherence to codes and standards, outdoor air quantity and quality, indoor air quality, and cost.Where feasible, use central HVAC air handling units (AHUs) that look multiple rooms in lieu of unit ventilators or one-on-one heat pumps.Although there are many different types of air handling units, for general IAQ implications in schools, air handling units can be divided into two groups unit ventilators and individual h eat pump units that operate a single room without ducts and central air handling units that serve several rooms via duct work. Unit ventilators and heat pumps see the advantage of reduced point space requirements, and they do not recirculate air between rooms. However, it is more(prenominal) difficult to assure proper keep of multiple units over time, and they present additional opportunities for moisture problems through the wall penetration and from expire pan and discharge problems. Central air handling units deliver a number of advantages as compared to unit ventilators and heat pumps component part individual rooms.Features for air handling unitsDouble-sloped drain pan and drain trap depthDouble-sloped drain pan A double-sloped pan nixs water from standing and stagnating in the pan.Non-corroding drain pan Made from stainless steel or plastic. Pr so farts corrosion that would spend a penny water to leak inside the AHU.Easy access doors All access doors are hinged an d use quick release latches that do not require tools to open. Easy access to filters, drain pans, and cooling coils is imperative.Double wall console table The inner wall protects the insulating material from moisture and mechanical damage, increases sound dampening, and is easier to clean.tightly sealed cabinet Small yet continuous air leaks in and out of the AHU cabinet can affect IAQ and energy. The superlative pressure differentials cause leaks occur at the AHU.Double wall doors with gaskets Double wall doors provide better thermal and acoustic insulation, and will remain flatter, allowing a better seal against door frame gasketsMinimum 2 inch succinct filter slots For better protection of the indoor environment, as well as the equipment and ducts, the filters slots should be able to accommodate 2 in. or thicker filters.Extended surface area filter bank To reduce the frequency of filter maintenance and the cost of fan energy, the bank is designed to allow more filter area, such as the deep V approach or bags.Air filter assemblies (racks ho uses) designed for minimum leakage The filter bank should defecate gaskets and sealants at all points where air could considerably bypass the air filters, such as between the filter rack and the access door. Use by rights gasketed manufacturer supplied filter rack spacers.Air filter monitor A differential pressure gauge to indicate the static pressure retch across the filter bank. This feature could easily be ins ganglyed as an cream in the field.Corrosion resistant dampers links All moving parts such as pivot pins, damper actuators, and linkages are able to prevail weather and moisture-induced corrosion for the full breeding of the systemLocation of exterior Air Intakes and ExhaustSloped Intake Plenum and Accessible Intake hideProper location of outdoor air intakes can minimize the gag law of air track down and intake of contaminated air.The fag of air intakes should be at least 8 inches above horizontal surfaces (generally the ground or the roof) to prevent blockage from leaves or snow. In northern locations, more judicial separation may be take awayed due to great snow depths or go snow.Intakes should not be placed within 25 feet of any potential sources of air contaminants, including sewer vents, exhaust air from the building, loading docks, loading areas, food waste receptacles, boiler or generator exhausts, and mist from cooling towers.If the source is monstrous or contains strong contaminants, or if there is a dominant wind direction in the area, the minimum separation distance may need to be increased. Air admittance valves, an inexpensive and code-approved one-way air valve, can be added to sewer vents to eliminate the potential for release of gases into the surrounding air.Grilles defend air intakes should be bird- and rodent-proofed to prevent perching, roosting, and nesting.Waste from birds and other pests (e.g., rats) can disrupt proper operation of th e HVAC system, promote microbial growth and cause gentlemans gentleman disease. The use of outdoor air intake fretworks with vertical louvers, as unconnected to horizontal louvers, will reduce the potential for roosting.Intake Screens must be accessible for inspection and cleaning.In existing buildings, an insufficient amount of ventilation air is a good deal the result of clogged intake screens that are untrod for inspection and cleaning. Screens hidden by an intake grille should be designed with a grille that is easily opened, such as a hinged grille with two quick-release latches, or in the worst case, a grille with quadruplet one-quarter turn fasteners. All screens should be easily removable for cleaning.Consider adding a section of sloped intake plenum that causes moisture to flow to the outside or to a drain if intake grilles are not designed to all eliminate the intake of rain or snow.Air Distribution and line InsulationDirt and moisture should not be present in duct systems, and must be controlled to prevent mold growth. However, it is not constantly possible to assure that ducts remain hoot and moisture free. In many existing buildings, sheet metallic element ducts, as well as those constructed of or lined with insulation products, are oft contaminated with mold because dirt and moisture found their way into the system.Duct gameboard and duct facing are widely used in duct systems because of their excellent acoustic, thermal, and abridgment control properties. If the HVAC system is properly designed, fabricated, installed, operated and maintained, these duct systems pose no greater risk of mold growth than duct systems made of sheet metal or any other materials.However, the very properties that make duct board and duct liner superior insulators (e.g., a fibrous structure with bragging(a) surface area that creates insulating air pockets), also makes them capable of trapping and retaining moisture if they do get wet (though the fibers the mselves do not absorb moisture). While there is an ongoing debate about the wisdom of using insulation materials in duct systems that might retain moisture longer, all sides pair that extraordinary attention to pre vent moisture contamination of the duct work should be the primary strategy for preventing mold growth. As a secondary strategy, designers should consider methods of reducing the potential for future problems to occur due to unforeseen moisture contamination by investigating insulation products now on the commercialise that minimize the potential for moisture to penetrate the insulation material. These include frustrate vapor retarders, tightly bonded non-woven vapor retarders, butt or shiplap edges, and other techniques that have been developed by insulation manufacturers to address concerns about moisture.http//www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/hvac.htmlWater supplyWater has the unfortunate quality of being heavier than air. it weighs 62.4 pounds per cubic foot. This mas s requires a pressure of 0.433 psi to lift water one foot (62.4 lbs/ receipts in in ft). To put it another way, one psi will lift water 2.31 feet (1/0.433). In a single story building with 70 psi in the course, this can be insignificant. In a tower block building, this factor will drive the design of both the hot and cold water systems.First, high and low pressures need to be determined. measure codes usually limit the high water pressure to 80 psi. victimization 70 psi will result in more achievable flow rates at the localisations, reduced water hammer and lower velocities. These characteristics will result in lower operating costs and a longer life of the system.Codes often limit the low water pressure to 20 psi, unless there are fixtures such as flush valves that require greater pressures. Nevertheless, a minimum pressure of 40 psi is recommended for the comfort of the end users. With a pressure differential of 30 psi, a govern can be no more than 69 feet in height (30 ft x2 .31 ft/psi). Using a exemplary foundation to floor height, for a hotel, of 11 feet, no more than six floors can be served by a single regularise.The next step is to determine the system pressure. The sucking pressure can be determined by adding the street pressure and the elevation gain (assuming your booster pump is in the basement). Adding the anticipate handoutes including attrition, elevation and PRV quag to the minimum pressure results in the system pressure. Subtr playing this from the street pressure yields the boost pressure. The manufacturer will also need to account for internal losses in the booster pump system. hotshot pumps today can be configured in any number of ways. With advancements in pumping technology, vented roof stores are a thing of the past. A constant speed pump, carefully calculated, could operate without PRVs. If so, PRVs might be ask at the top floor, and shutoff head must be checked. Shutoff head is the system pressure resulting from the demand approaching zero. It can be determined by adding the suction pressure to the pressure indicated on the far left end of the pump curve. In some cases, this pressure can exceed the ability of the piping system. If PRVs are provided on the pump discharge, problems with shutoff head can be eliminated outside of the booster pump package but must until now be checked within the package. A better solution is a variable speed booster pump. By tracking pressure, flow or electrical current, a variable speed booster pump can deliver constant pressure at any flow rate. This provides a more predictable system pressure and saves electricity at the selfsame(prenominal) time.Regardless of pump type, the lower zones in a high rise will need PRVs.In most cases, for economical reasons, direct acting PRVs are used. A more consistent pressure can be maintained by using two valves piped in parallel (figure 1). The littler valve may be sized to handle 1/3 of the flow rate at an acceptable falloff pre ssure. The larger valve is then sized for 2/3 of the flow rate at the same falloff pressure. If the smaller valve is set for 75 psi and the larger valve is set for 70 psi, then under low flow the larger valve will be closed and the smaller, more accurate valve will regulate the pressure. A reserve valve is mandatory downstream of the PRVs and will require an indirect waste receptor, which is often overlooked in the design of these stations. In many cases, the lowest of all zones may not require a boost in pressure. If so, a separate branch in the main, prior to the booster pump, could serve several lower floors, saving installation and utility costs.The maximum number of floors that can be served depends on the materials used. The booster pump, valves, piping and appurtenances must all be capable of handling the maximum pressure at the base of the riser pipeline. disposition pressure ratings can get quite involved. Bronze, threaded, score 150 valves are limited to 200 psi at 15 0 F, while the more expensive class 200 valves are limited to 400 psi. Iron, class 125 valves up to 12 in size are also limited to 200 psi at 150 F, while the more expensive class 250 valves are limited to 500 psi. The correct valves must be specified in the booster pump package and in the piping system, at least for the lower floors.At higher(prenominal) floors, the pressure falls good practice is to reduce the class of valves when a proficient working pressure has been reached. Pressure gauges and other small devices are often overlooked, along with, surprisingly, the piping. The maximum safe working pressure of 6 hard drawn copper tube at 150 F is 376 psi, and the maximum gauge working pressure of the solder joint (assuming 95-5 tin-antimony solder) is 375 psi, but the rated internal working pressure of the fitting is only 213 psi. As such, serving more than 40 floors can be difficult at best. wholeness solution, to add a few more floors, is to use stainless steel pipe. The typi cal joint working pressure of schedule 10S can be three hundred psi and schedule 40S can be 600 psi depending on the couplings used. When serving even taller high rise buildings, a secondary pumping station must be used (figure 2). In this scenario, a lower pump serves the bottom half of the building and also feeds the suction side of the higher pump, which in turn serves the top half of the building.Particular attention must be given to the simultaneous control of these pump sets a buffer tank may be necessary to maintain a constant suction pressure at the higher tank Alternatively, two lower pumps can be provided, one for the lower fixtures and one to feed the higher pump. This separation of the upper and lower building systems will allow for more indie control over pressures and can be useful for maintenance.In most high rises, the water is pumped up to the PRV stations that are located at the top of the zones. The downstream risers and branch piping then downfeed to the fixtur es. This decision, however, can be affected by the type of fixtures and the location of the hot water heater. In an upfeed system, the pressure loss due to friction and the pressure loss due to elevation are additive the worst case is the top of the system where the pressure is lowest. In a downfeed system, at least for smaller pipe sizes, the friction pressure loss will be or so offset by the pressure gain from downfeeding. Also, since the friction loss is greatest at the bottom of the system where the pressure is greatest, smaller branch pipes can be utilized. The result is a more consistent static and alive(p) pressure, providing a better experience for the end user.An economic analysis often reveals that the cost of the express riser, the upfeed pipe that has no connections, is less than the savings from the smaller branch piping. It is strongly recommended that the hot and cold water in any building feed in the same direction. Otherwise, the cold water friction losses may be at a minimum where the hot water friction losses are at a maximum. thus far with pressure balancing shower valves, a differential pressure of 50% could have disastrous results. If the water heater is on the roof, a downfeed system makes good sense.The design of hot water systems is outside of the scope of this article. Engineers often return this hot water to the central water heater. Doing so can create a system that is very difficult to balance. Even when each zone is protected by a check valve, the pressure from the higher zone will often prevent the lower zones from move at all. A better approach is to circulate within each zone (figure 3). A fractional horsepower pump and a small electric tank type heater work well. Five gallons and three to night club kilowatts will handle six floors of almost any footprint since the water is only reheating from 110 F to 120 F. Since the pressure is already reduced, the circulating pump and reheat tank can be placed on any floor. Dont forge t about the main hot water riser. It must still be circulated back to the central system to ensure that this large column of water does not get cold overnight.One final exam issue to consider in both hot and cold water distribution is the ability to purge air from the system. There are manual of arms air vents the best way to purge air from the system is scarcely to provide horizontal distribution on the floor below the highest floor in each zone. This allows the air to collect in each riser and float to the top, where it is purged every time that a fixture on the top floor is used. This is rarely noticed by the end user unless the fixture is seldom used.http//www.plumbingengineer.com/june_08/highrise_feature.phpDrainagePressure control on the drainage side presents other challenges. water is essentially the same in either system however, drainage speculation holds that considerable air travels downward with the water flow. This theory asserts that water flowing in a vertical pipe tends to adhere to the pipes walls, acting very much like a sleeve of water with a hollow core of air, all sliding down the pipes walls until it reaches a ratio of approximately 6/24 full of the pipe cross-sectional area. This watery sleeve travels at almost 15 feet per second (fps), propelled by gravity but restricted by friction. When the piping remains vertical, the entrained air is relatively simple to control, but when piping offsets from the vertical, the fluid flow velocity drops considerably, filling the entire pipe diameter. Horizontal, sloped drainage piping should flow in the 4-8 fps range, so it is easy to see that a large thrust of water can quickly develop. This can lead to compressing air in the path of the fluid and/or lowering air pressure on the leaving side of the fluid flow. The impact of these fluid and air fluctuations can be controlled by effective use of yoke vents, sculptural relief vents, and vent connections at the bases of haemorrhoid. the solutions are largely not unique and have been used successfully on many negotiate-height and even extremely tall multistory buildings.A related concern is the impact of the hydraulic move through on the piping itself. The mass of water and the rapid change of velocity from vertical to horizontal cause this jump. While the pressure associated with this jump is significant, it does not destroy the fitting at the base of the stack. Rather, the movement of the pipe stresses the frictional forces that hold the joint to the pipe, leading to eventual coupling failure. Good design must compensate for the strong thrust that occurs at this change of direction. boffo methods include increasing the horizontal drain size and/or slope, using thrust blocks, or using restraining joints with threaded rod or quasi(prenominal) arrangements that mechanically anchor the fitting to the entering and leaving piping. Once the water is raised and used, it is discharged to a drainagesystem that includes an attend ant venting system, which is responsible for the flow of air in the drainage piping network.Air is critical to the drainage process because drainage flow is caused by diagonal pipes, and the motive force is gravity. Absent air, the drainage would range from erratic to nonexistent. When the water in a pipe flows to a lower area, air must be added to replace the water, or a negative pressure zone will occur. If this zone is near a fixture, air will be drawn into the drainage system through the fixture trap with an easily identified gulping sound and very slow drain performance. This condition leads to poor performance throughout the drainage system and trap seal loss due to siphoning or blowout. The remedy for this condition is venting. At the individual fixture level, this consists of a fixture vent. As the number of fixtures increases, venting need do as well, and a venting system evolves, with branch, circuit, and loop vents at the appropriate locations. When dealing with storie d drainage stacks, a vent stack should be attendant, allowing for pressure equalization and relief along the height and breadth of the system. Aside from relieving pressure in the drainage system, the vent system allows air to circulate in both directions in response to the fluctuating flow in the drainage system. In many high-rise vent designs, where stacks need to offset horizontally on a given floor, a relief vent is needful. Although not often highlighted, the building venting system also serves to supplement the vent for the municipal sewer, relieving noxious or even hazardous gases and allowing the sewer to drain without pressure limitation. chevy ProtectionOne area that should not be overlooked in any high-rise design is the fire protection systems. As a minimum, all high-rise buildings should have sprinkler systems on each floor and standpipe systems in each stairwell. These systems have proven themselves throughout the years to significantly save both life and property. T he specific type, coverage density, and outlet placement all vary base on the building type, height, and location and local fire authorities. All high-rise buildings containing fire protection systems have large, dedicate fire pumps to provide the flows and pressures required for the individual system.While not always tasked with these system designs, plumbing engineers need to know that these systems are an integral part of the building and must account for their presence regarding equipment space, riser locations, and ceiling cavities.Wet systems in commercial spaces must be designed as a minimum to criteria for Light happening (0.10 gpm/sq. ft. over the remote 1,500 sq. ft. of floor area).Sprinkler piping on floors up to the second floor shall be sized for street pressure only.Standpipe systems shall be provided .In crabbya. The standpipe risers shall be interconnected and have isolation valve for each standpipe.b. Two four-way fire department connections shall be provided o n separate streets, piped to separate standpipe risers.c. At least one fire department connection shall be piped to the standpipe side of an isolation valve.d. FDCs must be located at an approved location.e. A Fire hydrant must be located within 50ft of the FDCg. Roof and floor remote areas must be within 200 feet of hose travel distance from a protected standpipe hose connection.Standpipe risers shall be combination standpipe/sprinkler risers using a minimum pipe size of 6 inch. One 2-1/2 inch hose connection shall be provided on every intermediate floor level landing in every required stairway and elsewhere as required.Two separate water supplies are required for the sprinkler/standpipe system. One must be a permanent City water main connection and the second must bea dedicated reservoir.http//www.newcomb-boyd.com/pdf/high-rise%20article.pdf

The Effect Of Television On Language Development Young People Essay

The make Of Television On Langu while Development Young People hearThe personal set up of esteeming goggle box receiver system and other media for young nipperren be unhealthful to nomenclature outgrowth.Television was invented in 1950 and since then, it has quickly evolved to occupy al intimately all single household in the US. Due to the explosion of many boob tube channels and programs, at that place is always something to watch on TV. Children therefore, spend an norm of 3-6 hours a day watch TV instead of doing other favorable activities. In 1997, a mother developed video products when she felt that there was no appropriate channel for her infant daughter. Since then, there has been a bulky decline in children ages first time viewing the screens. In 1971, children began to watch picture around 4 socio-economic classs old. Today it is 5 months.In a short period of time, TV products for infants became a huge industry. live average sale for baby DVD is about 500 jillion dollars. The titles of these products such(prenominal) as Baby Einstein and Brainy Boy highly suggest that these DVD will benefit the babies during their using processes. In a survey of 1000 families, 29% of parents look at their children watch TV with surmisal that TV is good for their childrens creative thinkers.Despite the fact that the American Academy of pediatrics does not recommend TV watching for children under 2 year old, 90% of parents still ignore this advice. However, based on many well-supported studies, I believe that the effects of watching television and other media for young children are detrimental to language development.Many educational TV programs and DVDs are severely advertised that they will help to promote cognitive, language and brain development in children. Even some programs have been proven to be educational benefit for children from 3 to 5, they can still cause delay in language acquisition for children under 2. During the first 2 y ears of life, childrens brain develops rapidly and there are external factors that can influence how the brain develops. Features of TV displaying such as flashing lights, very quick mount changes and loud mental disturbances could be over stimulating childrens brains.Children understand less voice communication when they watch TV. Researchers said that for all(prenominal) hour fagged on watching baby DVDs, infants from 8 to 16 months understand 6 to 8 fewer words than those who dont watch. Reading or telling stories to infants at least one time a day was run aground to increase their vocabularies by only deuce or three words, indicating that the negative impact of the DVDs may outweigh the benefits of agnate involvement. Moreover, general television offers a lot of commercial cartons, dramas, news and sports which have poor educational attri neverthelesse for young children. Study shows that children viewing such programs have tendency to have lower vocabulary and poorer expressive language. scummy language development is correlated to either the amount of time spent on TV or the quality of programs content.According to Jean Berko Gleason, most young children experience language while moveing with an adult such as their mother and other caregivers. When the TV is on, both parent and child interact less to each other, especially when parents use TV as a temporally babysitter. Study shows that out of 941 words that adults usually speak every hour, parents speak 770 fewer words to children while watching TV. When interactions occurred, they were a lot much than than potential to be of a passive nature on the array of the parent. For example, the parents verbally respond to the childs questions without actually looking at the child.Even when the child is not watching TV, televisions background hindrance can still be very distracting the childs activities such as playing with toys or spending quality time with family members. These interactions b etween parents and the child are a key section for language development in children. According to Baker and Holding, background noise is detrimental to complex cognitive tasks. During the interaction between parents and the child, background noise could reduce the parents attentions toward the child and therefore, reduce the quality of that interaction. Background noise from television could also reduce the responsiveness of parents to the child. When the parents are watching a television program, it may be very hard for them to shift their attentions away from the TV to respond to their children.Research finds that children who have language delay tended to watch television too early. It is about 10 months in the first place they could speak their first substantive word. Children who are less than 12 months and watch more than 2 hours a day of television are 6 times more in all probability to develop language delay.Children may miss opportunity to do more beneficial activities when they spend a lot of time on TV. Those activities could be reading, playing music, word plays, or other social interactions with other children. some of caregivers dont know the negative effects of television on children. About 60% of children with language delay watch TV on their own without any interaction with the caregivers. Compared to children who interact with their caregivers during TV time, the ones without interactive have 8.47 times more likely to develop language delay. This result could also suggest that development of language in young children is built on early interactions with caregivers and is change later by a rich, conversational environment.TV has negative effects on childrens attention ability which is one of powerful influences in the perceptual processes. A slow process of perception can cause language and the ability to engage in conversations seriously impaired. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( minimal brain dysfunction) is among the most p ark diseases of childhood, affecting somewhere between 5% and 20% of children. The concern that television might play a role in the development of ADHD is founded. In 2004, we conducted a large observational study of over 1300 children and found a modest association between TV viewing before age 3 and attentional problems at age 7. In that study, parents were prospectively asked how much television their child watched when they were between 1and 2 years of age and once again how much they watched whenthey were between 3 and 4 years of age. At age 7, theycompleted the Behavioural Problems Index which includesquestions related to attention and impulsivity (73). The moreTV children watched as infants, the more likely they wereto have attentional problems at age 7 after adjusting for anexhaustive angle of dip of co-variates. Specifically, each hour of TVwatched on average was associated with an increased risk ofbeing in the 90(th) percentile for attentional problems (OR1.09 1.03-1.15) . A follow-up study claimed to refute thesefindings (74) but TV viewing was measured at age 5 andattention wasmeasured at age 6, placing the exposure periodoutside the first 3 critical years of life. thus emerging datanow suggest that the timing of exposure is a critical mediatorof effects which is consistent with the developmental theoryof early brain development .

Marketing fundamentals essay

marketing fundamentals essayIntroductionIn 1964 Neil H. Borden ask the article The Concept of the merchandise coalesce. The selling inter sashayture in Bordens purpose origin entirelyy included product planning pricing branding channel of distri saveion or place personal selling advances advertising packaging display servicing physiologic handling and fact finding and abridgment, (Zineldin and Philipson, 2007, p231). harmonise to this concept, the list of twelve ingredients of the selling pleat is ad retri entirelyiveable. It could depend on what openhearted of elements or argonas researchers fate to focus on or accent to reposition more, but in The Concept of merchandising Mix, Borden (1964) already explained explicitly why he chose the twelve elements as the merchandise pleat.However, even though the approximation of the merchandise incorporate is derived from Borden, the 4Ps market mix which is k directn to the public was introduced by Jerome McCarthy Pro duct, Price, Promotion, Place (Constantinides, 2006 Gummesson, 2008). As Anderson and Taylor (1995, p2) claim The major tincture in popularizing the trade mix was the publication of Jerome McCarthys, Basic Marketing A Man jump onrial cuddle in 1960.The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether the trade mix is silence a suitable approach to modern day merchandise. For instance, with young engineering and subsequent changes in peoples lifestyles, refreshful marketing concepts argon springing up, such as consanguinity marketing and service marketing. Therefore, is the marketing mix still helpful today, or should it be improved or even replaced by opposite naked as a jaybird themes this is a controversial ara.The marketing mix and relationship marketingA lot of criticisms are fined at McCarthys 4Ps put beca character researchers generally ph angiotensin-converting enzyme that 4Ps are too simplified. Those who attack the paradigm possess suggested that the model shou ld have more factors added into it (Traynor, 1985 Magrath, 1986 and Doyle, 1994) or even use new(prenominal)wise factors, such as 4Cs to substitute 4Ps (Lauterborn, 1990). Grnroos (1994) even stated that it is meter for the marketing mix to step down and let a new-made paradigm shift emerge.Moreover, during the previous(prenominal) few decades, the debate that the marketing mix postulate to be replaced by other new paradigm shift marketing concepts is going on (Constantinides, 2006 Gummesson, 2008). As discussed by Grnroos (2006), relationship marketing is one of the strongest raisedidates among so galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) competitors who are eager to substitute the marketing mix. Furthermore, as Grnroos (1994, p5) statesIn marketing education, teaching students how to use a toolbox had flex the totally autocratic task instead of discussing the meaning and consequences of the marketing concept and the process constitution of market relationships.This indicates t hat the marketing mix is a good model and unforgettable for students to understand the general marketing strategy concept. It may, nonetheless(prenominal)(prenominal), limit students creativity judgment in order to adjoin the framework at the same date.In fact, the marketing mix is still adopted by many scholars and is publish in the majority of textbooks, but some have argued that customer relationship is an emerging trend in recent old age (Grnroos, 1994). With time change, the form and relationship between sellers and buyers have a probative difference now than before (Coviello and Brodie, 2001). Take hospital fabrication in Taiwan for vitrine over the last few decades doctors have played a spanking role in this industry. They are the kings and they are independent, because hospitals rely on them to make profits. In addition, the qualifications required to enter this industry are relatively naughty compared to other fields, so during that era the supply (hospitals) wa s much less than the use up (patients). This also results in hospitals non needing a good manager or a proper marketer to run the affair, and yet they still goat make money. It is common that, if patients are ill, they have to put their name on a long waiting list. Sometimes even if they have already made an appointment, due to too many patients in the same time period, they still need to wait. Moreover, after a long waiting time, when it is finally their time to see doctors, most of the time doctors are not so friendly. However, this potpourri of situation is totally different now. Health care industry is no longer a monopoly. As more hospitals are established, the competitions become more intense. As a result, owners of health care organizations start to emphasize the relationship between doctors and patients. In addition, managers also think that employees who may rent with customers are all part-time marketers (Gummesson, 1990). The main factor to cause this kind of chan ge is that buyers (patients) have more choices nowadays. For instance, if there are two sellers (doctors) weaponed with the same conditions, but one provides more aid on intangible asset service and has good relationships with buyers, therefore buyers will definitely go to the one who shows more concern for them. Consequently, managers of health care organizations have to value patients and doctors relationships or they may keep losing customers. This also shows that relationship marketing is a new trend now.While it is interesting to note that some researchers attack the marketing mix is being outdated and in fact that it cannot be deemed as an unchallengeable foundation of marketing, they believe that it formed almost 40 geezerhood ago the concept of it, they argue, in contemporary business or academician research is no longer useful. By contrast, relationship marketing is the new upcoming theme of marketing. alliance marketing is neither original view nor a novelty possi ble action, but it has already been in existence for quite a long time. Zineldin and Philipson (2007, p229) argue that relationship marketing is one of the oldest approaches to marketing. As early as about 25 years ago, the term was introduced as a strategy to service marketing by Berry in 1983, according to Crosby and Stephens (1987).By comparing the transaction-oriented marketing, which is part of the marketing mix blow with relationship marketing, most companies still put emphasis on attracting new customers or else than focusing on establishing a long-term relationship with their existing customers. As reported by Zineldin and Philipson (2007), finding new customers costs less than retaining current customers. Moreover, having a long-term relationship with clients is thence profitable, but consumers trust is also endless. With more services are provided and a variety of products are easy to access currently, consumers reasonable will regard more rather than less, and the ir mind changes frequently. Accordingly, for companies to maximize profits immediately is both necessary and recognize for them (Zineldin and Philipson, 2007).Furthermore, relationship marketing focuses on not only the connection amid corporations and customers, but also the relationship between corporations. Consequently, relationship marketing may not be the case for all corporations. For example, if a tin companys ingredients are all from the same supplier, then once the food that the supplier offers has a problem, then the tin companys business will definitely be affected by lack of ingredients. As a result, some companies may not want to rely on another company too much (Zineldin and Philipson, 2007).The other point many academic scholars criticize about the marketing mix is that some standard marketing ingredients are not integrated with the marketing mix into textbooks to become a complete whole body (Grnroos, 1994Gummesson, 2002). They are just like toppings on the pizza t he toppings are those additional Ps and the model of 4Ps is the base. The reason why it causes this kind of outcome is owing to model being oversimplified, from a list of elements into four Ps. However, at the same time it cannot be denied that the contribution of the marketing mix and four Ps is significant (Jobber, 2007). Although a lot of new concepts have emerged, it does not mean that the marketing mix will be replaced. To some certain extent, it is still a useful approach and provides a fundamental theory for people who want to study or explore this field. By combining the marketing mix with other spring up theories, it can allow marketing theory to become better. Even Grnroos is against the marketing mix, but he also claims the spare-time activity (1994, p14)Even if marketing mix management is dying as the dominating marketing paradigm and the Four P model needs to be replaced, this does not mean that the Ps themselves, and other concepts of the managerial approach such as m arket segmentation and indeed the marketing concept (McKitterick, 1957 Keith, 1960), would be less valuable than before. Relationships do not function by themselves.Hence, no takings how marketing concepts develop, the root of these new paradigms is related to the marketing mix. It is of course germane(predicate) to contemporary marketing means and still regarded as a middle value of marketing.The marketing mix and e-commerce marketingIn the 21st century, business may not only be based on physical activities, but also on virtual activities. Therefore, discussing whether the marketing mix can be adapted to e-commerce is a signal to see if it is still pertinent to contemporary thinking. As Peattie (1997, p142) point outAlthough the marketing implications of emerging electronic or virtual markets are being discussed, the implications for the management of the marketing mix are often being overlooked. Already many innovative companies are taking advantage of the new generation of te chnologies to enhance or re-engineer key elements of the marketing mix, giving marketing a leading role in introducing companies to the revolutionary world of third age computing.They stress that the marketing mix in this industry is revolutionizing and 4Ps have another new definition to fit e-commerce and marketing function. In a practical aspect, it had been put into practice for many organizations (Peter and Olson, 2005). In addition, virtual value chain also used 4Ps to bedeck the effect of it on electronic business (Bhatt and Emdad, 2001). Many companies still use the marketing mix and 4Ps as their strategy, but with little change on the traditional 4Ps. Allen and Fjermestad (2001, p22) also indicate that Although many of the e-commerce strategy frameworks offer a unique contribution to strategic planning, integrating these models into the traditional product, price, place and promotion framework can provide a more complete analysis of strategy. It reinforces the view that the marketing mix and 4Ps are the cornerstone of marketing and the earth of strategy marketing. More importantly, it is still applied to 21st century new trend business, electronic commerce. In consequence, it is identified that the marketing mix just needs some small changes to be integrated well with other re-disco really concepts it then plays the most vital role in contemporary marketing theory yet.ConclusionThe marketing mix and marketing are just like the constitution is to a country. Constitution is the foundation of a nation. The police force may be changed or adjusted with time because the environment and the expression people think is greatly different from that of those who were born 50 years ago. Consequently, it is unavoidable that the law should be changed, eliminated or have more rules added to it. Nevertheless, no matter how the rule is amended, the basic rule is always there. It represents a countrys timbre and belief, and this is unchangeable. Hence, this is just as the marketing mix to marketing, in my opinion.Even though some scholars criticize that marketing is not an appropriate approach currently, it needs to be replaced with other rising marketing principles. Nonetheless, common terms such as relationship marketing, service marketing and e-commerce marketing, are focusing on just a part of marketing. They can tackle the problem of a specific area but the marketing mix and 4Ps are the fundament of a much more general theory. Moreover, although those who attack the marketing mix for being an old concept and of less relevance today, they also support that the relationship between the marketing mix and marketing is still very close. The influence of the marketing mix is still strong today but certainly not as profound as it has been in the past, and indeed the concept of it still shows signs of practical implementation in contemporary society.ReferencesAllen, E. and Fjermestad, J. (2001) E-commerce marketing strategies an integrated frame work and case analysis, Logistics Information guidance, Vol. 14 Number 1/2, pp. 14-23.Anderson, L. McTier and Taylor, Ruth L. (1995) McCarthys 4Ps Timeworn or Time-tested?, diary of Marketing opening and Practice, Vol. 3 consequent 3, pp.1-9.Berry, D. (1990) Marketing mix for the 90s adds an S and 2 Cs to 4Ps, Marketing News, Vol. 24 Issue 26, December, p.10.Bhatt G. and Emdad, A. F. (2001) An analysis of the virtual chain in electronic commerce, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 14 Number 1/2, pp. 78-85.Borden, Neil H. (1964) The Concept of the Marketing Mix, ledger of Advertising look for, pp. 7-12Constantinides, E. (2006) The Marketing Mix Revisited Toward the 21st Century Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 22 Number 3, pp.407-438.Coviello, Nicole E. and Brodie, Roderick J. (2001) Contemporary marketing practices of consumer and business-to-business firms how different are they?, Journal of line and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 16 Issue 5, pp. 382-400.Cros by, L. and Stephens, N. (1987) Effects of Relationship Marketing on Satisfaction, Retention, and Prices in the Life Insurance Industry, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 24 Number 4, pp. 404-411.Doyle, P. (1994) Marketing Management and Strategy. Hemel Hempstead Prentice Hall.Grnroos, C. (1994) From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, Management Decision, Vol. 32 Number 2, pp. 4-20.Grnroos, C. (2006) On Defining Marketing Finding a New Roadmap for Marketing, Marketing Theory, Vol. 6 Number 4, pp.394-417.Gummesson, E. (1990) The Part-Time Marketer. Karlstad CTF Service Research Center.Gummesson, E. (2002) Practical value of adequate marketing management theory, European Journal of Marketing, Vol.36 Number 3, pp. 325-349.Gummesson, E. (2008) Total Relationship Marketing, 3rd edition. Amsterdam Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann.Jobber, D. (2007) Principles and Practice of Marketing, fifth edition. Maidenhead McGraw-Hill.Lauterborn, B. (1990) New marketing litany four Ps pass C-words takeover, Advertising Age, Vol. 61 Issue 41, October, p. 26.Magrath, A. J. (1986) When Marketing Services, 4Ps Are Not Enough, Business Horizons, Vol. 29 Issue 3, pp.44-50Peattie, K. (1997) The marketing mix in the third age of computing, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 15 Number 3, pp. 142-150.Peter, J. Paul and Olson, Jerry C. (2005) Consumer Behavior Marketing Strategy. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Traynor, K. (1985) Research deserves status as marketings fifth P, Marketing News, Vol.19 Issue 23, November, pp.7, 12.Zineldin, M. and Philipson, S. (2007) Kotler and Borden are not dead myth of relationship marketing and honor of the 4Ps, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 24 Number 4, pp.229-241.

The Hot Zone Essay -- essays research papers

In 1980 a man named Charles M wizt went on a trip with a girlfriend up to Mountain Elgon in West Kenya. They spent the night there and went to a large subvert c on the wholeed Kitcum cave. Three days after his return home, Charles began to have a headache. A few days later he went to the doctors and they told him he should go to a bigger/better hospital in capital of Kenya. So Charles flew to Nairobi.During the flight to Nairobi Charles found himself vomiting blood with a black liquid. Charles fin all toldy reached the hospital only to wait. While he was waiting and he lost all sense of balance. Charles started to go into shock. He started to throw up even more(prenominal) blood. The people who were there said the only sound was the choking in his throat from his constant vomiting. Then the horrid sound of his bowels opening up was also heard by the witnesses. Blood mixed with his intestinal veneer then leaked egress of his body. This was a dying process which happens to nine c ome on of ten people who come in contact with the deadly disorder is called crashing and bleeding. Samples of his blood were flown to all the major affection labs in the world. The disease was identified as Marburg Strain. In Sudan the same type of computer virus was wiping bug out whole tribes. So Gene Johnson (the one in charge of the Reston operation, and sentry of Ebola Sudan) flew over there and worked with the stern members of the tribes to try and find a cure. This product line of Marburg was called Ebola Sudan because of where it was found. Later on in congou tea, missionaries would give vaccine shots and penicillin to local tribes to admirer reduce the number of outbreaks. One of the nuns whose name was unknown there became sick with a similar disease. She had the very first recorded case of Ebola Zaire which is the most dangerous of the three strains. She died and her blood was sent to disease labs all over the world as well. The strain was called Ebola Zaire since it was discovered in Zaire. In Reston, Maryland there was a monkey house that would send off monkeys all over the United States to labs for medical experiments. Suddenly the monkeys started dying. Peter JahlringHe was a disease expert at Fort Detrick from fort Detrick came and took a intent at the monkeys and took some blood samples. Jahlring and Tom Geisbert then looked the samples, thinking it was salutary a monkey virus and accidentally exposed themselves to the virus. They looked at it un... ...tely be a very large panic. The virus would also spread so quickly and do so much damage in a very short period of time. The virus would basically wipe out our population if it werent contained/controlled properly. The concord presented this problem, with the virus being dormant for a while, and then starting to contaminate a population. The book also has the virus being spread within a lab holding monkeys (used for experiments) that was placed in the United States. This creates fe ar in the readers mind, because one would think it is just a matter of time before the virus gets out into the real world. The book deals with the problem by locking up the lab and getting rid of the virus by placing chemicals into the building with the monkeys. Because this is a true story, I believe that this would be the most logical solving to the problem. Overall, I felt this was a very interesting book to read. It was satisfactory to keep my attention and kept me from putting the book down. Some of the separate seemed to be a little graphic and were gross. I would recommend this book to anyone who wanted to read a good true story slightly viruses.

Diphtheria (corynebacterium Diphtheriae) :: essays research papers

Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)Corynebacteria are Gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria link up to the Actinomycetes. They do not form spores or branch as do theactinomycetes, but they have the characteristic of forming irregular shaped,club-shaped or V-shaped arrangements in all(prenominal)day growth. They undergo snappingmovements just after cell division which brings them into characteristicarrangements resembling Chinese letters.The genus Corynebacterium consists of a diverse group of bacteria includinganimal and plant pathogens, as well as saprophytes. Some corynebacteria are partof the normal plant of humans, finding a capable niche in virtually everyanatomic site. The best known and most widely studied species is Corynebacteriumdiphtheriae, the causative agent of the infirmity diphtheria.History and BackgroundNo bacterial disease of humans has been as successfully studied as diphtheria.The etiology, mode of transmission, morbific mechanism and molecular basis ofexotoxin structure, function, and action have been clearly established.Consequently, highly effective methods of treatment and prevention of diphtheriahave been developed.The study of Corynebacterium diphtheriae traces closely the breeding ofmedical microbiology, immunology and molecular biology. Many contributions tothese fields, as well as to our intellect of host-bacterial interactions,have been made studying diphtheria and the diphtheria toxin.Hippocrates provided the branch clinical description of diphtheria in the 4thcentury B.C. There are also references to the disease in ancient Syria and Egypt.In the 17th century, murderous epidemics of diphtheria swept Europe in Spain"El garatillo" (the strangler"), in Italy and Sicily, "the gullet disease".In the eighteenth century, the disease reached the American colonies and reachedepidemic proportions in 1735. Often, whole families died of the disease in a fewweeks.The bacterium that caused di phtheria was first described by Klebs in 1883, andwas cultivated by Loeffler in 1884, who applied Kochs postulates and properlyidentified Corynebacterium diphtheriae as the agent of the disease.In 1884, Loeffler concluded that C. diphtheriae produced a soluble toxin, andthereby provided the first description of a bacterial exotoxin.In 1888, Roux and Yersin present the presence of the toxin in the cell-freeculture fluid of C. diphtheriae which, when injected into suitable lab animals,caused the systemic demo of diphtheria.Two years later, von Behring and Kitasato succeeded in immunizing guinea pigswith a heat-attenuated form of the toxin and demonstrated that the sera ofimmunized animals contained an antitoxin capable of protecting other susceptibleanimals against the disease. This modified toxin was suitable for immunizinganimals to obtain antitoxin but was found to cause severe local reactions inhumans and could not be used as a vaccine.In 1909, Theobald Smith, in the U.S., demon strated that diphtheria toxin

Interview with a Massage Practitioner Essay -- Interview Essay

Many people sneak off this concrete grace looking office on the strip mall. Most people who pass by may go to the bar next door to Dr. masons chiropractic office. No one pays much at ten dollar billtion to a plant where all the windows are low tinted dark with a door that has the parole doctor on it. People only look for doctors when they are injure or sick. Im sure the lighted Budlight sign flash lamp and smell of food attract more people.It was different than what I anticipate from a doctors office. Surprisingly the roof was flat not pointed like most offices and not a very tall construct. I expected lots of rocks, small bushes near the door, smooth concrete building with slight indentions for decoration, metal plaque inside the concrete and the area to be surrounded by new(prenominal) doctor offices.I was nervous as I stepped over the curb and onto the side walk to the entrance. What if she is really restless or rude, I thought, But manipulate therapist are usually n ice and calm. The door was average top side and swung untied very easily. inside(a) the clinic it smelled crisp and was cool. The sun shined through the windows where the shade was raised. All the walls were painted in a slight off-white color. Instead of the typical tile or vinyl flooring carpet was used. The freestanding reception desk was in an open area with plants, filing cabinets, and a copy machine next to it. crumb the desk was a full height wall that changed to a chest height wall. In the open office at that place are two chiropractic tables, which were quarantined by a wall that is about chest height. On the other side of the room is a traction station, two stretching machines, a massage chair. In the lobby section of the open office there are two flat screen TVs and lots of children movies... ... people to slow down and relax.Mary entered the job knowing her skills and prepared to put them to work. A massage is the manipulation of superficial layers of muscle and connective tissue to enhance the government agency and promote relaxation and well-being. I asked Mary if she like her job. I kip down my job it is never boring I treat people from ages ten to seventy-five. I love helping people and I find the tender-hearted body fascinating. Today people are trying to live a long and health by taking care of their body, my job helps. in that respect are many schools that offer massage therapy. Anyone who would like to pursue it as a major should be comfortable with touching other people. before leaving I told Mary I appreciated the time she took to allow for me to interview her. I was satisfied overall with the interview. The environment made me sharp that I chose a relaxing career to explore.